TABLE 3.
Cardiometabolic risk factors at baseline and end of the 1-y intervention by study group1
| SC | SC + EP | P 2 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiometabolic risk factors | Baseline3 | 1-y3 | Mean percent difference4 | Baseline3 | 1-y3 | Mean percent difference4 | Group | Time | Group × time |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 33.0 (6.2) | 32.9 (6.0) | –0.4 [–1.7, 0.9] | 31.8 (6.5) | 31.6 (6.8) | –0.7 [–2.1, 0.7] | 0.176 | 0.233 | 0.738 |
| Blood pressure, mmHg | |||||||||
| Diastolic | 67.3 (8.8) | 66.8 (8.9) | –0.8 [–2.9, 1.3] | 66.5 (8.8) | 65.6 (8.4) | –1.2 [–3.5, 1.1] | 0.158 | 0.200 | 0.786 |
| Systolic | 115.7 (14.9) | 114.9 (13.2) | –0.7 [-2.6, 1.2] | 114.6 (16.4) | 113.2 (14.2) | –1.1 [–3.3, 1.1] | 0.170 | 0.206 | 0.779 |
| Glucose metabolism | |||||||||
| Glucose, mg/dL | 103.4 (31.7) | 103.8 (46.3) | 0.3 [–5.7, 6.8] | 98.8 (26.6) | 101.1(27.3) | 2.3 [–1.0, 5.7] | 0.348 | 0.469 | 0.593 |
| Insulin, μU/mL | 19.19 (9.91) | 19.23 (10.3) | 0.2 [–8.0, 9.1] | 17.5 (9.39) | 16.5 (9.68) | –5.5 [–12.8, 2.4] | 0.030 | 0.357 | 0.328 |
| Lipid metabolism, mg/dL | |||||||||
| Total cholesterol | 179.2 (39.1) | 181.4 (35.2) | 1.2 [–1.8, 4.4] | 184.0 (39.8) | 184.2 (34.2) | 0.2 [–2.6, 3.1] | 0.472 | 0.499 | 0.636 |
| LDL cholesterol | 104.0 (35.1) | 106.9 (32.1) | 2.9 [–1.4, 7.5] | 107.0 (32.0) | 111.1 (28.9) | 3.7 [0.0, 7.6] | 0.270 | 0.024 | 0.801 |
| HDL cholesterol | 48.6 (10.7) | 48.4 (11.3) | 0.5 [–3.1, 2.2] | 48.9 (11.8) | 47.4 (10.4) | –3.1 [–5.7, –0.4] | 0.781 | 0.062 | 0.168 |
| Triglycerides | 115.2 (81.9) | 108.5 (70.0) | –5.8 [–12.8, 1.8] | 113.6 (87.4) | 107.7 (73.4) | –4.9 [–12.0, 2.9] | 0.776 | 0.051 | 0.862 |
| Inflammatory markers | |||||||||
| hsCRP, mg/L | 4.06 (20.4) | 3.64 (18.9) | –10.3 [–22.0, 3.2] | 3.86 (10.2) | 2.82 (9.41) | –26.9 [–37.0, –15.2] | 0.343 | <0.001 | 0.049 |
| TNF-ɑ, pg/mL | 4.82 (1.52) | 3.85 (1.44) | –20.1 [–25.4, –14.4] | 4.75 (1.71) | 4.08 (1.57) | –14.2 [–20.2, –7.8] | 0.63 | <0.001 | 0.164 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 1.35 (2.86) | 1.12 (1.99) | –16.9 [–28.9, –3.0] | 1.17 (1.95) | 0.97 (1.27) | –17.6 [–30.0, –3.0] | 0.291 | 0.001 | 0.946 |
| Vascular adhesion and coagulation markers | |||||||||
| E-selectin, pg/mL | 4.12 (4.18) | 4.31 (3.92) | 3.7 [–9.7, 19.2] | 4.19 (6.06) | 4.68 (4.41) | 12.1 [–5.4, 32.9] | 0.564 | 0.176 | 0.485 |
| P-selectin, pg/mL | 37.4 (24.9) | 45.9 (28.4) | 23.1 [9.7, 38.2] | 36.5 (24.1) | 45.0 (26.1) | 24.6 [9.6, 41.7] | 0.887 | <0.001 | 0.891 |
| sICAM-3, ng/mL | 0.51 (0.38) | 0.57 (0.29) | 15.3 [0.8, 31.9] | 0.49 (0.36) | 0.64 (0.29) | 30.3 [13.8, 49.1] | 0.419 | <0.001 | 0.207 |
| Thrombomodulin, ng/mL | 1.76 (0.87) | 1.83 (0.72) | 4.6 [–4.8, 14.8] | 1.64 (0.85) | 1.84 (0.68) | 11.4 [0.0, 24.2] | 0.466 | 0.037 | 0.382 |
| Adipokines | |||||||||
| Adiponectin, mg/mL | 87.3 (48.4) | 84.1 (48.5) | –4.0 [–11.0, 3.6] | 89.4 (52.1) | 84.4 (47.1) | –5.7 [–12.6, 1.7] | 0.778 | 0.069 | 0.738 |
| Leptin, ng/mL | 25.6 (33.0) | 24.7 (34.1) | –3.4 [–14.1, 8.7] | 18.7 (34.4) | 18.5 (47.0) | –1.3 [–14.5, 13.9] | 0.015 | 0.613 | 0.823 |
Number of parents with both baseline and 1-y values: BMI (99 in SC and 94 in SC + EP); blood pressure (100 in SC and 94 in SC + EP); glucose metabolism, lipid profile, and hsCRP (103–106 in SC and 97–99 in SC + EP); other inflammatory, vascular adhesion, and coagulation markers and adipokines (98–99 in SC and 92–93 in SC + EP). EP, enhanced program; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; SC, standard care; sICAM-3, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 3.
F-tests on fixed effects of study group, time, and group by time interaction from a mixed-effects random intercept linear model.
Values are geometric means (SD); SD was estimated from log-transformed values.
Values are mean % difference [95% CI], calculated from model-based least-square means.