Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics overall and stratified by laxative use status during the year prior to dialysis transition among 46 632 patients in the analytical cohort
| Characteristic | Total (N = 46 632) | Laxative users (n = 11 667) | Non-laxative users (n = 34 965) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), year | 72.5 (11.3) | 68.5 (10.4) | 73.8 (11.3) |
| Male sex, n (%) | 44 374 (95.2) | 11 264 (96.5) | 33 110 (94.7) |
| Race, n (%) | |||
| White | 34 528 (74.0) | 7165 (61.4) | 27 363 (78.3) |
| African American | 10 586 (22.7) | 4126 (35.4) | 6460 (18.5) |
| Others | 1515 (3.3) | 376 (3.2) | 1139 (3.2) |
| Married, n (%) | 27 278 (58.5) | 5675 (48.6) | 21 603 (61.8) |
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||
| Current | 12 221 (26.2) | 4352 (37.3) | 7869 (22.5) |
| Past | 13 401 (28.7) | 3581 (30.7) | 9820 (28.1) |
| Never | 11 268 (24.2) | 3284 (28.2) | 7984 (22.8) |
| Unknown | 9742 (20.9) | 450 (3.8) | 9292 (26.6) |
| Service connected, n (%) | 15 109 (32.4) | 5828 (49.9) | 9281 (26.5) |
| Systolic BP, mean (SD), mmHg | 141.7 (16.1) | 142.7 (14.7) | 141.2 (16.8) |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 29.4 (6.1) | 30.2 (6.7) | 28.9 (5.8) |
| Primary cause of ESRD, n (%) | |||
| Diabetes | 19 736 (42.3) | 5776 (49.5) | 13 960 (39.9) |
| Hypertension | 15 061 (32.3) | 2920 (25.0) | 12 141 (34.7) |
| Glomerulonephritis | 2546 (5.5) | 580 (5.0) | 1966 (5.6) |
| Cystic kidney disease | 564 (1.2) | 110 (1.0) | 454 (1.3) |
| Other urologic condition | 660 (1.4) | 141 (1.2) | 519 (1.5) |
| Other cause | 5148 (11.0) | 1285 (11.0) | 3863 (11.1) |
| Missing | 2917 (6.3) | 855 (7.3) | 2062 (5.9) |
| Renal replacement modality, n (%) | |||
| Hemodialysis | 38 224 (81.9) | 9890 (84.8) | 28 334 (81.0) |
| Peritoneal dialysis | 2511 (5.4) | 464 (3.9) | 2047 (5.9) |
| Other/uncertain | 5713 (12.3) | 1260 (10.8) | 4453 (12.7) |
| Missing | 184 (0.4) | 53 (0.5) | 131 (0.4) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
| Diabetes | 33 980 (72.9) | 9277 (79.5) | 24 703 (70.6) |
| Hypertension | 45 049 (96.6) | 11 485 (98.4) | 33 564 (95.9) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 39 578 (84.9) | 10 030 (85.9) | 29 458 (84.5) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 36 066 (77.3) | 9265 (79.4) | 26 801 (76.7) |
| Congestive heart failure | 30 870 (66.2) | 7972 (68.3) | 22 898 (65.5) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 21 542 (46.2) | 5209 (44.6) | 16 333 (46.7) |
| Lung disease | 26 300 (56.4) | 7018 (60.2) | 19 282 (55.2) |
| Connective tissue disease | 4100 (8.8) | 826 (7.1) | 3274 (9.4) |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 5425 (11.6) | 1386 (11.9) | 4039 (11.6) |
| Liver disease | 9043 (19.4) | 2763 (23.7) | 6280 (17.9) |
| HIV/AIDS | 494 (1.1) | 172 (1.5) | 322 (0.9) |
| Malignancies | 15 242 (32.7) | 3761 (32.2) | 11 481 (32.8) |
| Anemia | 37 926 (81.3) | 10 173 (87.2) | 27 753 (79.4) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 13 032 (27.9) | 2883 (24.7) | 10 149 (29.0) |
| Depression | 13 827 (29.6) | 5257 (45.1) | 8570 (24.5) |
| Bowel disordersa | 12 038 (25.8) | 3176 (27.2) | 8862 (25.4) |
| CCI, median (IQR) | 5 (3,7) | 5 (4,7) | 5 (3,7) |
| Cumulative length of hospitalization, median (IQR), days | 0 (0,7) | 4 (0,16) | 0 (0,5) |
| Medications, n (%) | |||
| RASi | 28 390 (60.9) | 8758 (75.1) | 19 632 (56.5) |
| β-blockers | 30 186 (64.7) | 9338 (80.0) | 20 848 (59.6) |
| Calcium channel blockers | 27 352 (58.7) | 8459 (30.9) | 18 893 (54.0) |
| Diuretics | 31 350 (67.2) | 9926 (85.1) | 21 424 (61.3) |
| Phosphate binders | 4226 (9.1) | 2168 (18.6) | 2058 (5.9) |
| Sodium polystyrene sulfonate | 4 483 (9.6) | 2289 (19.6) | 2194 (6.3) |
| Antidepressants | 12 529 (26.9) | 5216 (44.7) | 7313 (20.9) |
| Non-opioid analgesics | 7386 (15.8) | 4758 (40.8) | 2628 (7.5) |
| Opioids | 18 997 (40.7) | 7545 (64.7) | 11 452 (32.8) |
| Anticholinergics | 3875 (8.3) | 1827 (15.7) | 2048 (5.9) |
| Antihistamines | 1984 (4.3) | 1553 (13.3) | 431 (1.2) |
| Antiarrhythmics | 2123 (4.6) | 635 (5.4) | 1488 (4.3) |
| Anticoagulants | 5265 (11.3) | 4040 (34.6) | 1225 (3.5) |
| Antipsychotics | 2246 (4.8) | 1252 (10.7) | 994 (2.8) |
| Anti-Parkinson drugs | 1189 (2.5) | 346 (2.9) | 843 (2.4) |
| Antacids | 3444 (7.4) | 2253 (19.3) | 1191 (3.4) |
| Anticonvulsants | 8397 (18.0) | 3667 (31.4) | 4730 (13.5) |
| Oral iron supplements | 6147 (13.2) | 4311 (36.9) | 1836 (5.3) |
| Laboratory parameters | |||
| eGFR, mean (SD), mL/min/1.73 m2 | 32.5 (18.8) | 33.0 (19.4) | 32.2 (18.5) |
| Last eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 28.7 (19.0) | 27.6 (19.4) | 29.4 (18.8) |
| eGFR slope, n (%) | |||
| Less than −10 mL/min/1.73 m2/year | 5862 (12.6) | 2895 (24.8) | 2967 (8.5) |
| −10 to <−5 mL/min/1.73 m2/year | 9229 (19.8) | 3177 (27.2) | 6052 (17.3) |
| −5 to <0 mL/min/1.73 m2/year | 12 411 (26.6) | 3873 (33.2) | 8538 (24.4) |
| ≥0 mL/min/1.73 m2/year | 1552 (3.3) | 752 (6.5) | 800 (2.3) |
Data are presented as number (percentage), mean (SD) or median (IQR). All P-values except peptic ulcer disease and anti-Parkinson drugs for between-group comparison were statistically significant.
a
Bowel disorders include inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome and diarrhea.
RASi, renin–angiotensin system inhibitor.