TABLE 6.
In vitro activity of antimicrobial agents against B. cereus clinical isolatesa
| Antibiotics | Susceptibility determined by AST guidelines (% susceptible strains) (no. of susceptible strains/total no.) |
Overall susceptibility |
Reference(s) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EUCAST (129) |
CLSI/NCCLS (130–135) |
|||||||||||||
| Staphylococcus spp. | Gram-positive bacteria | PK/PD breakpoints | Staphylococcus spp. | Bacillus spp. (not Bacillus anthracis) | Bacillus anthracis | Mycobacteria, nocardiae, other actinomycetes | Corynebacterium spp. | Gram-positive bacteria | Unspecified reference | Total no. of categorized strains | MIC range (mg/L) | % Susceptible | ||
| Beta-lactams | ||||||||||||||
| Penicillin G | 1 (2/137) | 0 (0/63) | 1 (1/67) | 0 (0/3) | 0 (0/126) | 396 | 0.012–>256 | 1 | 47, 48, 66, 78, 108–112, 116–119, 122–124 | |||||
| Ampicillin | 0 (0/8) | 2 (4/179) | 0 (0/1) | 0 (0/112) | 300 | 0.016–256 | 1 | 48, 53, 57, 87, 92, 107–112, 114, 115, 117, 123, 124 | ||||||
| Ampicillin - sulbactam | 4 (1/28) | 28 | <0.25–>8 | 4 | 87, 111 | |||||||||
| Amoxicillin | 4 (2/48) | 5 (2/42) | 90 | 0.016–>256 | 6 | 116, 117, 137 | ||||||||
| Amoxicillin – clavulanic acid | 22 (15/68) | 0 (0/90) | 158 | 0.5– 64 | 9 | 66, 112, 119, 124 | ||||||||
| Cloxacillin | 0 (0/60) | 60 | NA | 0 | 124 | |||||||||
| Oxacillin | 7 (3/43) | 43 | 0.094–>256 | 7 | 110, 117, 123 | |||||||||
| Ceftriaxone | 11 (9/82) | 5 (2/42) | 0 (0/1) | 125 | 8–>256 | 9 | 47, 66, 117, 122 | |||||||
| Cefotaxime | 1 (1/69) | 2 (2/78) | 28 (19/68) | 0 (0/112) | 327 | 0.1–>64 | 7 | 53, 78, 87, 108–112, 119, 122, 124 | ||||||
| Ceftazidime | 0 (0/69) | 0 (0/22) | 10 (2/20) | 111 | 2–>256 | 2 | 57, 87, 111, 121, 122 | |||||||
| Cefepime | 23 (16/69) | 69 | >32 | 23 | 94, 111, 122 | |||||||||
| Cefazolin | 0 (0/1) | 42 (34/80) | 81 | 1–64 | 42 | 48, 87, 92, 110 | ||||||||
| Imipenem | 0 (0/1) | 100 (2/2) | 100 (79/79) | 99 (135/136) | 100 (5/5) | 49 (33/67) | 290 | 0.004–>16 | 87 | 47, 48, 52, 53, 57, 66, 87, 92, 108, 110–115, 122 | ||||
| Meropenem | 94 (104/111) | 100 (1/1) | 100 (1/1) | 113 | 0.012–32 | 94 | 51, 57, 66, 111, 115, 117, 122 | |||||||
| Aminoglycosides | ||||||||||||||
| Amikacin | 100 (46/46) | 100 (1/1) | 100 (20/20) | 67 | 0.25–16 | 100 | 78, 87, 118, 121 | |||||||
| Gentamicin | 99 (124/125) | 99 (197/199) | 100 (1/1) | 100 (68/68) | 100 (101/101) | 494 | 0.016–16 | 99 | 47, 48, 53, 57, 78, 87, 92, 107–109, 112, 116–119, 122–124 | |||||
| Tobramycin | 100 (20/20) | 100 (1/1) | 100 (30/30) | 51 | 0.125–2 | 100 | 78, 112, 118 | |||||||
| Glycopeptides | ||||||||||||||
| Vancomycin | 100 (2/2) | 94 (136/144) | 98 (204/208) | 100 (1/1) | 87 (65/75) | 95 (167/176) | 606 | 0.06–24 | 95 | 20, 47, 48, 51, 53, 57, 69, 78, 87, 92, 94, 107–112, 114–122, 124, 127, 128 | ||||
| Teicoplanin | 100 (51/51) | 51 | 0.125–2 | 100 | 92, 110, 113 | |||||||||
| Cyclic lipopeptide | ||||||||||||||
| Daptomycin | 80 (68/85) | 16 (8/51) | 136 | 0.032–8 | 56 | 87, 92, 117, 118, 123, 127 | ||||||||
| Quinolones | ||||||||||||||
| Ciprofloxacin | 99 (75/76) | 98 (120/122) | 98 (131/133) | 100 (1/1) | 100 (1/1) | 100 (127/127) | 460 | 0.008–>4 | 99 | 47, 48, 53, 78, 94, 107–109, 111, 112, 114, 116–119, 121–123, 127 | ||||
| Levofloxacin | 100 (2/2) | 100 (20/20) | 92 (74/80) | 100 (60/60) | 162 | 0.064–32 | 96 | 47, 57, 87, 92, 108, 111, 115, 117, 123 | ||||||
| Macrolides and related | ||||||||||||||
| Azithromycin | 74 (49/66) | 100 (56/56) | 83 (56/67) | 189 | 0.016–128 | 85 | 53, 119, 122 | |||||||
| Clarithromycin | 98 (41/42) | 58 (7/12) | 54 | <0.12–4 | 89 | 108, 117 | ||||||||
| Clindamycin | 69 (9/13) | 80 (142/178) | 0 (0/1) | 100 (7/7) | 66 (77/117) | 316 | 0.032–16 | 74 | 47, 48, 53, 57, 66, 78, 87, 92, 107–111, 117, 121, 123 | |||||
| Erythromycin | 25 (1/4) | 72 (89/123) | 100 (1/1) | 78 (53/68) | 75 (68/90) | 286 | 0.032–24 | 75 | 48, 78, 87, 92, 107, 109, 110, 112, 114, 117–119, 124 | |||||
| Pristinamycin | 97 (29/30) | 30 | NA | 97 | 112 | |||||||||
| Cyclins | ||||||||||||||
| Doxycycline | 96 (46/48) | 48 | <0.03–16 | 96 | 116, 118 | |||||||||
| Tetracycline | 97 (70/72) | 100 (98/98) | 84 (56/67) | 100 (1/1) | 238 | 0.016–128 | 95 | 53, 107, 109, 111, 117, 119, 122, 123 | ||||||
| Tigecycline | 100 (1/1) | 100 (42/42) | 43 | 100 | 117, 123 | |||||||||
| Oxazolidinone | ||||||||||||||
| Linezolid | 100 (2/2) | 100 (116/116) | 94 (48/51) | 169 | 0.125–4 | 98 | 57, 87, 92, 115–117 | |||||||
| Others | ||||||||||||||
| Rifampicin | 94 (47/50) | 99 (113/114) | 100 (1/1) | 87 (26/30) | 195 | 0.002–8 | 96 | 53, 87, 107, 112, 114, 116, 117, 123 | ||||||
| Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim | 62 (8/13) | 72 (107/149) | 100 (1/1) | 163 | 0.064–>32 | 71 | 47, 48, 53, 92, 109, 114, 117, 123 | |||||||
a
AST, antimicrobial susceptibility testing; CLSI, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; EUCAST, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; NCCLS, National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards; PK/PD, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic; NA, not available.