FIG 4.

Transcriptional profiling of PD-1⁺CD4⁺ T cells is beneficial for determining the latent status of HIV/SIV infection. (A) Volcano plot displaying genes detected by RNA-seq. Green dots represent the downregulated genes, and red dots indicate the upregulated genes in PD-1⁺CD4⁺ T cells. Green and red dots represent genes with a false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted P < 0.05 and log₂ change (FC) > 0; blue dots indicate genes with a FDR adjusted P > 0.05. (B) Hierarchical clustering and heatmap of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between PD-1⁺CD4⁺ and PD-1⁻CD4⁺ T cells. The displayed DEGs had |log₂ FC| ≥0-fold changes in gene expression intensity and a FDR adjusted P value < 0.05 relative to the control cohort. (C) Top enriched immune and transcription-related pathways based on KEGG pathway analysis. Red bars indicate the enriched pathways in PD-1⁺CD4⁺ cells, and the purple bars represent the enriched pathways in PD-1⁻CD4⁺ cells. (D to G) Heatmap of the functional annotations of DEGs between PD-1⁺CD4⁺ and PD-1⁻CD4⁺ T cells. (H) Heatmap of DEGs in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway between PD-1⁺CD4⁺ and PD-1⁻CD4⁺ T cells.