TABLE 1.
Description of the Study Cohort
| Study cohort, n = 1800 | Microbiome cohort, n = 744 | NHANES, n = 14,584 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demography & lifestyle | |||
| Age, years | 53.0 [41.0–63.0] | 52.0 [41.0–62.0] | 45.0 [31.0–59.0] |
| Sex, female | 1166 (64.8%) | 462 (62.1%) | 7639 (52.4%) |
| Education, graduate | 1076 (60.1%) | 456 (61.5%) | 4108 (28.2%) |
| Alcohol frequency, regularly1 | 547 (30.6%) | 235 (31.6%) | — |
| Health | |||
| BMI | 23.7 [21.5–26.6] | 23.4 [21.2–25.8] | 27.5 [24.0–32.0] |
| Diabetes | 59 (3.31%) | 0 (0%) | — |
| CVD | 80 (4.50%) | 23 (3.10%) | — |
| Autoimmune disease | 256 (14.4%) | 53 (7.15%) | — |
| IBD | 63 (3.58%) | 0 (0%) | — |
| IBS | 250 (14.2%) | 70 (9.46%) | — |
| Gluten intolerance | 435 (24.8%) | 166 (22.6%) | — |
| Lactose intolerance | 342 (19.5%) | 137 (18.7%) | — |
| Bowel movement, normal1 | 1288 (74.4%) | 582 (80.3%) | — |
| Diet–AGP Questionnaire | |||
| Diet type, vegetarian1 | 136 (7.67%) | 73 (9.92%) | — |
| Plant diversity, more than 201 | 455 (35.6%) | 213 (41.8%) | — |
| Vegetable frequency, regularly1 | 1603 (89.9%) | 683 (92.2%) | — |
| Fruit frequency, regularly1 | 1130 (63.5%) | 477 (64.5%) | — |
| Whole-grain frequency, regularly1 | 836 (47.1%) | 368 (50.0%) | — |
| Red meat frequency, regularly1 | 384 (21.5%) | 171 (23.0%) | — |
| Milk & cheese frequency, regularly1 | 835 (46.7%) | 339 (45.8%) | — |
| SSB, regularly1 | 54 (3.03%) | 220 (29.7%) | — |
| Diet–FFQ | |||
| Total energy intake, kcal/d | 1772 [1399–2275] | 1766 [1423–2271] | — |
| Carbohydrates, % of calories | 41.2 [33.3–48.0] | 41.0 [33.2–47.8] | — |
| Fats, % of calories | 38.0 [31.8–45.4] | 38.4 [31.5–46.1] | — |
| Protein, % of calories | 15.6 [13.4–18.0] | 15.4 [13.3–17.8] | — |
| HEI-2010 | 72.2 [64.4–78.8] | 72.9 [65.7–79.3] | — |
Descriptions of the US adult participants who were analyzed for dietary patterns (study cohort) and who were analyzed for gut microbiome associations (microbiome cohort). Data are presented as medians [IQRs] for quantitative variables and as n (%) for qualitative variables. Missing values were excluded for the percentage calculation. Data from NHANES adults are given as a proxy for the general US population (Supplemental Methods). Participants with antibiotic intake in the last year, declared IBD, liver diseases, diabetes, or specific autoimmune diseases were excluded from the microbiome cohort to minimize confounding effects. No statistical test was performed. Abbreviations: AGP, American Gut Project; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HEI-2010, Healthy Eating Index 2010; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverages.
1Only 1 representative modality is shown for compactness reasons.