. 2021 Oct 7;115(2):432–443. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab332

TABLE 2.

DP5 Patterns Characterization

	Plant-Based, n = 151	Flexitarian, n = 313	Health-Conscious Western, n = 368	Standard Western, n = 289	Exclusion Diet, n = 345	Adjusted P value
Demography
Age, years	55.0 [42.5–64.0]^ab	57.0 [44.0–65.0]^a	52.0 [40.0–62.0]^bc	48.0 [38.0–61.0]^c	53.0 [43.0–63.0]^b	<0.001
Sex, female	92 (60.9%)^ab	228 (72.8%)^c	216 (58.7%)^b	174 (60.2%)^ab	238 (69.0%)^ac	<0.001
Education, graduate	93 (62.4%)^ab	202 (65.2%)^a	235 (64.0%)^a	143 (49.8%)^b	198 (57.7%)^ab	<0.001
Lifestyle
Exercise frequency, regularly¹	108 (71.5%)^a	241 (77.5%)^a	220 (59.9%)^b	130 (45.6%)^c	247 (71.8%)^a	<0.001
Ready-to-eat meals frequency, regularly¹	3 (2.00%)^ab	7 (2.24%)^a	18 (4.92%)^c	22 (7.72%)^c	3 (0.88%)^b	<0.001
Alcohol frequency, regularly¹	27 (17.9%)^a	116 (37.2%)^b	152 (41.6%)^c	63 (22.1%)^a	79 (23.0%)^a	<0.001
Red wine	58 (38.4%)^a	201 (64.2%)^b	283 (76.9%)^d	109 (37.7%)^a	172 (49.9%)^c	<0.001
Health
BMI	22.3 [20.7–24.4]^a	22.9 [21.3–25.1]^a	24.8 [22.1–27.7]^b	25.0 [22.1–29.0]^b	23.1 [20.9–25.5]^a	<0.001
Autoimmune disease	21 (14.1%)^ab	33 (10.6%)^a	44 (12.1%)^a	43 (15.1%)^ab	70 (20.8%)^b	0.003
IBS	10 (6.80%)^a	40 (12.8%)^ab	35 (9.75%)^ab	44 (15.5%)^bc	74 (22.1%)^c	<0.001
Fungal overgrowth	6 (4.08%)^ab	13 (4.29%)^ab	8 (2.25%)^b	17 (6.03%)^ab	31 (9.23%)^a	0.001
SIBO	5 (3.40%)^abc	5 (1.64%)^ab	4 (1.13%)^a	13 (4.63%)^bc	22 (6.61%)^c	<0.001
Liver disease	5 (3.38%)^a	5 (1.61%)^a	3 (0.82%)^a	12 (4.18%)^a	4 (1.18%)^a	0.013
Thyroid disease	17 (11.5%)^ab	49 (15.9%)^a	32 (8.89%)^b	42 (14.7%)^ab	71 (21.1%)^a	<0.001
Gluten-intolerance	40 (27.2%)^a	48 (15.7%)^bc	41 (11.2%)^b	53 (19.1%)^ac	181 (54.7%)^d	<0.001
Diet–AGP Questionnaire
Diet type, vegetarian¹	96 (64.0%)^a	23 (7.40%)^b	1 (0.27%)^c	7 (2.47%)^d	1 (0.29%)^c	<0.001
Specialized diet, exclude dairy	45 (58.4%)^a	7 (4.86%)^b	2 (1.18%)^b	4 (2.65%)^b	42 (30.2%)^c	<0.001
Specialized diet, exclude refined sugars	26 (33.8%)^a	19 (13.2%)^b	7 (4.12%)^d	8 (5.30%)^d	72 (51.8%)^c	<0.001
Specialized diet, modified paleo diet	1 (1.30%)^a	12 (8.33%)^a	7 (4.12%)^a	8 (5.30%)^a	56 (40.3%)^b	<0.001
Plant diversity, more than 20¹	72 (64.9%)^a	107 (47.8%)^b	99 (37.8%)^b	41 (19.0%)^d	73 (32.2%)^c	<0.001
Whole-grain frequency, regularly¹	92 (62.2%)^ab	211 (67.8%)^a	225 (62.2%)^b	102 (35.9%)^d	58 (17.0%)^c	<0.001
Meat & eggs frequency, regularly¹	17 (11.3%)^a	195 (62.7%)^b	318 (86.9%)^cd	234 (81.5%)^d	309 (90.1%)^c	<0.001
Milk & cheese frequency, regularly¹	12 (8.00%)^a	166 (53.4%)^b	238 (65.4%)^d	141 (49.3%)^b	118 (34.3%)^c	<0.001
Sugary sweets frequency, regularly¹	26 (17.4%)^a	94 (30.1%)^b	181 (50.0%)^d	125 (43.9%)^e	32 (9.36%)^c	<0.001
SSB frequency, regularly¹	3 (2.01%)^a	2 (0.64%)^a	12 (3.29%)^c	29 (10.2%)^d	1 (0.29%)^b	<0.001
Diet–FFQ
Total energy intake, kcal/d	1593 [1279–1969]^a	1716 [1395–2223]^b	2094 [1693–2607]^c	1869 [1399–2367]^b	1570 [1227–2007]^a	<0.001
Total water intake, g/d	1066 [592–1599]^a	1066 [592–1599]^a	1066 [592–1599]^a	1066 [592–1599]^a	1422 [888–2133]^b	<0.001
Carbohydrates, % of calories	54.8 [44.6–61.1]^a	43.6 [37.5–49.5]^b	42.8 [37.4–46.9]^b	42.6 [35.2–49.6]^b	28.4 [20.7–37.5]^c	<0.001
Fats, % of calories	28.0 [20.6–38.7]^a	36.4 [31.8–42.3]^b	37.0 [33.0–41.7]^b	36.8 [30.7–42.3]^b	49.9 [38.5–58.0]^c	<0.001
Protein, % of calories	12.5 [11.3–14.4]^a	14.7 [12.6–17.0]^b	15.4 [13.7–17.1]^d	15.8 [13.5–18.1]^d	17.9 [15.2–20.5]^c	<0.001
Added sugar, % of calories	1.11 [0.75–1.49]^a	1.38 [1.00–1.89]^b	1.58 [1.19–2.03]^d	1.77 [0.99–2.56]^d	0.78 [0.46–1.22]^c	<0.001
Total fiber intake, g/d	38.8 [28.6–50.3]^a	27.7 [21.3–35.5]^b	25.6 [19.8–30.9]^d	19.7 [13.7–25.7]^e	21.5 [15.5–28.3]^c	<0.001
Vegetable proteins, g/d	45.2 [31.3–59.1]^a	32.1 [23.9–42.2]^b	30.7 [24.2–40.2]^b	22.8 [16.8–33.2]^d	18.9 [13.4–27.2]^c	<0.001
Animal proteins, g/d	5.83 [2.06–14.0]^a	32.9 [21.2–45.8]^b	49.8 [38.7–63.8]^c	48.5 [31.5–68.9]^c	50.2 [34.7–69.3]^c	<0.001
HEI-2010	77.8 [74.2–81.0]^a	80.0 [74.0–83.4]^b	72.4 [67.2–77.4]^d	62.9 [55.1–70.7]^e	68.6 [60.4–73.0]^c	<0.001

Characterization of the DP5 patterns compared with metadata of the general AGP questionnaire and compared with some general information from the FFQ. Only a selection of results is shown here. Full results are provided in Supplemental Table 8. Data are presented as median [IQR] for quantitative variables and as n (%) for qualitative variables. Missing values were excluded for the percentage calculation. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare quantitative variables between patterns and Chi-squared tests were used for qualitative variables. P values for the global pattern effects were adjusted for multiple testing with the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. Significant P values (<0.05) in bold. If the pattern effect was significant, all 2 by 2 comparisons were reported using a Benjamini-Hochberg adjustment for each parameter separately. Groups with the same letter are not significantly different (P value ≥ 0.05). Abbreviations: AGP, American Gut Project; DP5: 5 dietary patterns; HEI-2010, Healthy Eating Index 2010; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; SIBO, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverages.

¹Only 1 representative modality is shown for compactness reasons.