Table 1.
Sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics of the study sample (n = 283) †
| Variablesa | All participantsb (n = 283) | Metabolic syndrome (n = 102) | No metabolic syndrome (n = 181) | P-valuec |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | ||||
| Age (years) | 41.0 ± 13.7 | 44.8 ± 14.6 | 38.8 ± 12.7 | < 0.001 |
| N (%) | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 191 (67.5) | 56 (54.9) | 135 (74.6) | 0.001 |
| Male | 92 (32.5) | 46 (45.1) | 46 (25.4) | |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Singled | 90 (31.8) | 36 (35.3) | 54 (29.8) | 0.344 |
| Married | 193 (68.2) | 66 (64.7) | 127 (70.2) | |
| Level of education | ||||
| No school or primary | 89 (31.6) | 38 (37.3) | 51 (28.3) | 0.01 |
| Intermediate | 77 (27.3) | 31 (30.4) | 46 (25.6) | |
| Secondary or technical | 77 (27.3) | 28 (27.5) | 49 (27.2) | |
| University degree | 39 (13.8) | 5 (4.9) | 34 (18.9) | |
| Income ($ per month) | ||||
| < 600 | 75 (28.4) | 33 (33.0) | 42 (25.6) | 0.345 |
| 600 ≤ income ≤ 2000 | 165 (62.5) | 60 (60.0) | 105 (64.0) | |
| > 2000 | 24 (9.1) | 7 (7.0) | 17 (10.4) | |
| Smoking statuse | ||||
| Never smoked | 63 (22.3) | 21 (20.6) | 42 (23.2) | 0.641 |
| Current smoker | 195 (68.9) | 70 (68.6) | 125 (69.1) | |
| Past smokers | 25 (8.8) | 11 (10.8) | 14 (7.7) | |
| Physical Activity level | ||||
| Low intensity | 131 (46.3) | 51 (50.0) | 80 (44.2) | 0.199 |
| Moderate intensity | 88 (31.1) | 34 (33.3) | 54 (29.8) | |
| High intensity | 64 (22.6) | 17 (16.7) | 47 (26.0) | |
| Crowding index | ||||
| ≤ 1 person/room | 109 (38.5) | 45 (44.1) | 64 (35.4) | 0.146 |
| > 1 person/room | 174 (61.5) | 57 (55.9) | 117 (64.6) | |
Bolded numbers are significant at p < 0.05
SD standard deviation
aContinuous variables are expressed as Mean ± SD and categorical variables are expressed as n (%)
bLack of corresponding sum of frequencies with total sample size is due to missing data
cSignificance was derived from chi-square for categorical variables and from independent t-test for continuous variables
dSingle includes divorced, widowed and engaged
eCurrent smokers of either cigarette or narghile, past smokers of either cigarette or narghile
†Metabolic syndrome was defined according to Alberti et al. 2009 [7]