Table 1.
Maximum recorded concentrations from previously published studies (P-Max) compared with minimum, median and maximum values from the current study
| Compound | Previous studies (ng/L) | This study (KTM1 to KTM12) (ng/L) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P-Max (obs) | Ref | Min | Median | Max | n > P-Max | |
| Amitriptyline | 71 (35) | 1 | 0 | 16.8 | 35.5 | - |
| Atenolol | 11,020 (1) | 2 | 72.8 | 2168.2 | 3365.3 | - |
| Carbamazepine | 11,561 (1) | 3 | 6.7 | 196.5 | 315.6 | - |
| Cetirizine | 530,000 (1) | 4 | 28.5 | 353.4 | 507.6 | - |
| Cimetidine | 1338 (12) | 5 | 0 | 0.9 | 26.0 | - |
| Ciprofloxacin | 2,500,000 (1) | 4 | 227.2 | 613.0 | 2049.0 | - |
| Citalopram | 76,000 (1) | 4 | 0 | 7.9 | 31.6 | - |
| Codeine | 815 (10) | 6 | 19.2 | 117.0 | 175.6 | - |
| Desvenlafaxine | 1472 (3)a | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| Diazepam | 140 ( −)b | 8 | 0 | 0 | 29.4 | - |
| Diltiazem | 210 (8) | 9 | 0 | 7.3 | 35.9 | - |
| Erythromycin | 4200 ( −)a,b | 10 | 0 | 39.3 | 92.6 | - |
| Fexofenadine | 1144 (53) | 11 | 288.9 | 3132.2 | 4463.7 | 12 |
| Gabapentin | 1887 (10) | 6 | 162.6 | 1958.2 | 2880.8 | 6 |
| Hydrocodone | 910 (1) | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| Ketotifen | -c | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| Lidocaine | 176 (7) | 13 | 1.0 | 199.3 | 855.0 | 8 |
| Metformin | 3100 (5)a | 14 | 5635.4 | 82,188.0 | 110,444.9 | 12 |
| Metronidazole | 7000 (1) | 15 | 277.8 | 986.7 | 2006.1 | - |
| Naproxen | 12,300 (4) | 16 | 675.7 | 1427.1 | 2016.3 | - |
| Norethisterone | 188 (1) | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| Oseltamivir | 4600 (6) | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| Paracetamol | 37,000 (18) | 19 | 646.9 | 44,967.4 | 75,979.1 | 6 |
| Propranolol | 561 (5) | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| Raloxifene | 7.2 (2)d | 11 | 0 | 1.6 | 28.8 | 2 |
| Ranitidine | 570 (21) | 20 | 100.6 | 1479.5 | 2590.8 | 10 |
| Salbutamol | 480 (8) | 9 | 14.3 | 75.4 | 194.7 | - |
| Sitagliptin | 121(48) | 11 | 189.6 | 1974.9 | 2626.1 | 11 |
| Sulfamethoxazole | 38,850 (1) | 15 | 6.8 | 807.4 | 1180.1 | - |
| Temazepam | 77.8 (35) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| Tramadol | 7731 (10) | 6 | 67.4 | 158.9 | 187.0 | - |
| Triamterene | 110 (32) | 21 | 0 | 6.3 | 47.0 | - |
| Trimethoprim | 13,600 (23) | 22 | 0.6 | 136.1 | 189.1 | - |
| Venlafaxine | 901 (3)a | 7 | 0 | 28.3 | 43.2 | - |
| Verapamil | 0.4 (20) | 23 | 0 | 1.3 | 19.2 | 8 |
Values are in bold emphasis where they exceed P-Max. n > P-Max denotes the number of samples within our dataset that exceed the previously published maximum values. Analysis is limited to surface water samples from rivers and streams.
1. Baker and Kaspryzk-Hordern (2013); 2. López-Serna et al. (2011); 3. Loos et al. (2008); 4. Fick et al. (2009); 5. Choi et al. (2008); 6. Kasprzyk-Hordern et al. (2008); 7. Metcalfe et al. (2010); 8. Sacher et al. (2002); 9. Barber et al. (2011); 10. Luo et al. (2011); 11. Burns et al. (2018); 12. Jones-Lepp et al. (2012); 13. Rúa-Gómez and Püttmann (2012); 14. Scheurer et al. (2012); 15. K’oreje et al. (2016); 16. Aydin and Talinli (2013); 17. Al-Odaini et al. (2010); 18. Ter Laak et al. (2010); 19. Ortiz (2010); 20. Ginebreda et al. (2010); 21. Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt (LfU) (2009); 22. Zhang et al. (2012); 23. Nakada et al. (2007)
aMean reported value
bNumber of observations not recorded
cNo studies reported
dBelow limit of quantification
Supplementary information