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Implication of extracellular vesicles in vascular calcification. Inflammatory environment induces osteogenic differentiation of SMC to osteoblast-like SMCs that release TNAP-loaded EV that aggregate into microcalcifications. In addition, high serum phosphate induces tissue calcification through EV with low TNAP. Figure created using Servier Medical Art images (https://smart.servier.com).
