Table 3.
Risk factors
| Risk factors | Author | Odd’s ratio (OR) | 95% CI | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reported in multiple studies | ||||
| Age | Budenas, 2018 | 4.6 | 1.7–12.1 | 0.002 |
| Morshed, 2019 | 1.05 | 1.01–1.08 | 0.006 | |
| Wang (A) 2020 | 1.0 | 1.02–1.06 | < 0.001 | |
| Chen 2020 | 1.80 | 1.01–1.04 | < 0.001 | |
| Sleep disturbance | He, 2019 | 4.95 | 2.95–8.29 | < 0.001 |
| Wang 2019 | 0.058 | 0.051–0.067 | 0.021 | |
| Male gender | Chen, 2020 | 1.80 | 1.01–1.04 | < 0.001 |
| He, 2019 | 2.66 | 1.91–3.71 | < 0.001 | |
| Zhan, 2020 | 2.02 | 1.04–3.96 | 0.039 | |
| Surgery duration | Chen, 2020 | 2.51 | 1.67–3.76 | < 0.001 |
| Wang(A), 2020 | 1.00—1.01 | 0.016 | 1.00 | |
| Reported in single study | ||||
| Lesser than secondary education | Budenas, 2018 | 3.5 | 1.3–9.1 | 0.011 |
| Poor functional status | 4.7 | 1.9–11.8 | 0.001 | |
| Low haemoglobin | 5 | 1.1–22.5 | 0.036 | |
| Off duty | Chen, 2020 | 1.67 | 1.15–2.43 | 0.007 |
| Tobacco use history | 2.38 | 1.40–4.04 | 0.001 | |
| Electrolyte disturbance | 1.67 | 1.15–2.43 | 0.007 | |
| Temp > 38.5 | 6.18 | 2.23–17.14 | < 0.001 | |
| Duration anaesthesia | 2.58 | 1.56–4.28 | < 0.001 | |
| Meningioma pathology | 0.57 | 0.34–0.96 | 0.036 | |
| Pituitary adenoma | 0.32 | 0.17–0.59 | < 0.001 | |
| Subtentorial | 0.59 | 0.36–0.97 | 0.039 | |
| Saddle area | 0.40 | 0.25–0.63 | < 0.001 | |
| Hypertension | He, 2019 | 2.25 | 1.53–3.30 | < 0.001 |
| Mount Fuji sign | 3.24 | 2.10–4.99 | < 0.001 | |
| Severe white matter lesions (Fazekas classifications 2 and 3) | Matano, 2017 | 15 | 2–134 | 0.001 |
| Surrounding monitor | 6 | 1–32 | 0.001 | |
| Surrounding delirium patients | 14 | 2–75 | 0.026 | |
| Presence neurologic deficit | Morshed, 2019 | 5.31 | 1.87–15.11 | 0.002 |
| Length of ICU stay | 1.23 | 1.07–1.43 | 0.004 | |
| Non-motor symptoms scale of PD (NMSS) | Wang, 2019 | 8.191 | 5.629–11.917 | 0.002 |
| Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale (UPDRS III) | 2.284 | 1.614–3.232 | 0.047 | |
| Preoperative length of stay | 1.230 | 1.053–1.437 | 0.009 | |
| Preoperative brain atrophy | 3.912 | 3.597–4.255 | 0.038 | |
| Non-motor symptoms scale of PD (NMSS) | 8.191 | 5.629–11.917 | 0.002 | |
| Benign tumour1 | Wang, 2020A | |||
| Malignant tumour1 | 2.82 | 1.52–4.88 | < 0.001 | |
| Frontal approach craniotomy | 3.01 | 1.79–5.05 | < 0.001 | |
| Duration surgery | ||||
| Episode of SpO2 < 90% at ICU admission | 8.22 | 1.38–48.92 | 0.021 | |
| Emergence delirium, inadequate2 | 11.15 | 4.8–25.88 | < 0.001 | |
| Emergence delirium, hyperactive2 | 14.60 | 5.4–39.45 | < 0.001 | |
| Emergence delirium, hypoactive2 | 11.64 | 7.75–20.10 | < 0.001 | |
| NRS for pain | 1.19 | 1.02–1.38 | 0.028 | |
| Immobilizing factor | 1.64 | 1.3–2.08 | < 0.001 | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 3.2 | 1.57–6.53 | 0.001 | |
| Parkinson’s disease sleep scale PDSS) | Zhan, 2020 | 0.984 | 0.97–0.99 | 0.034 |
| Preoperative cerebral ischaemia | 2.127 | 1.05–5.06 | 0.035 | |
| preoperative pulmonary inflammation | 2.295 | 1.04–5.08 | 0.04 | |
| Preoperative length of stay | 1.162 | 1.002–1.349 | 0.048 | |
1Compared to benign tumour. 2Compared to non-emergence delirium