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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Aging. 2022 Feb;37(1):111–124. doi: 10.1037/pag0000634

Table 2.

Extreme Group Studies Included in Meta-analysis

Study Incentive Delay Measure Younger Older z Var z

N Age
N Age
Mean Range SD Mean Range SD
Bauer 2010 hypothetical years proportion 291 24.02 20-29 -- 241 39.91 30-74 -- 0.06 0.00
Buono 2015 hypothetical years parameter 20 22.50 18-27 -- 18 50.00 45-55 -- 0.35 0.03
Eppinger 2012 real weeks proportion 15 20.90 18-28 3 15 69.70 65-80 4.4 −0.85 0.04
Eppinger 2018 real weeks proportion 25 24.80 -- 2.5 25 71.20 -- 5.6 −0.31 0.02
Garza 2016 hypothetical years parameter 139 57.00 50-64 -- 9 70.50 65-76 -- −0.03 0.01
Green 1994 hypothetical years parameter 12 20.30 -- -- 12 67.90 -- -- −0.91 0.05
Halfmann 2016 hypothetical days parameter 77 21.00 -- -- 36 77.00 -- -- −0.10 0.01
Jimura 2011 hypothetical years parameter 20 20.00 -- -- 20 71.00 60-84 7.5 0.34 0.03
Li 2013 hypothetical months parameter 173 24.76 18-29 2.91 163 66.39 60-82 4.93 −0.08 0.00
Liu 2016 hypothetical days parameter 745 43.27 31-60 6.74 192 68.63 >61 5.46 0.07 0.00
Roalf 2012 real days parameter 29 30.14 21-45 5.53 25 71.30 65-85 4.36 0.14 0.02
Samanez-Larkin 2011 real weeks proportion 12 22.00 19-26 -- 13 73.40 63-85 -- 0.04 0.05
Sparrow 2018 Study 1 real days proportion 32 25.28 18-35 5.22 30 70.57 65-85 4.88 −0.51 0.02
Sparrow 2018 Study 2 real days proportion 31 20.84 18-30 2.67 23 71.35 65-97 6.96 −0.04 0.02
Sparrow 2019 real days proportion 36 21.00 18-30 3.44 36 70.11 65-85 4.91 0,03
Whelan 2009 hypothetical years parameter 16 46.00 -- 3.4 10 73.00 -- 4.12 0.10 0.04