Table 3.
Between Group Effect Size Assessed Using Cohen’s d
| Outcomes | Effect Sizes | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Primary outcomes | ||
| VAS | ||
| 1-month | 0.12 | −0.39 to 0.63 |
| 3-month | 0.75 | 0.23 to 1.28 |
| 6-month | 0.87 | 0.34 to 1.40 |
| 12-month | 0.73 | 0.21 to 1.25 |
| PPTs | ||
| 1-month | 0.25 | −0.26 to 0.75 |
| 3-month | 0.51 | 0.001 to 1.03 |
| 6-month | 0.53 | 0.02 to 1.05 |
| 12-month | 0.38 | −0.13 to 0.90 |
| Secondary outcomes | ||
| WOMAC | ||
| 1-month | 0.34 | −0.17 to 0.85 |
| 3-month | 0.74 | 0.22 to 1.26 |
| 6-month | 0.88 | 0.35 to 1.41 |
| 12-month | 0.75 | 0.23 to 1.28 |
| HHS | ||
| 1-month | 0.19 | −0.31 to 0.70 |
| 3-month | 0.86 | 0.33 to 1.39 |
| 6-month | 0.92 | 0.39 to 1.45 |
| 12-month | 0.80 | 0.27 to 1.33 |
Notes: The effect size calculated by the Cohen’s d (delta value/SD before and after treatment sessions), interpreted as 0.20–0.40 (small), 0.50–0.70 (moderate), and large (0.80 or higher).
Abbreviations: VAS, visual analogue scale; PPTs, pressure pain thresholds; WOMAC, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index; HHS, Harris Hip Score.