TABLE 1.

Major complications and management for preventing them in esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)

	Frequency	Preventative method
Intraoperative perforation	1.4%–4.6% 18	Traction‐assisted method to prevent “blind” dissection 20 , 21
Delayed perforation	Rare (three cases; two of them required emergency surgery) 24 , 25	Prevention of excessive energizing during ESD 23
Delayed bleeding	0.0%–6.7% 3 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34	No established method
Aspiration pneumonia	1.6%–4.0% 3 , 38	Use of a tube or a mouthpiece for continuous saliva suction 39 , 40 Use of a continuously liquid‐sucking catheter attachment for the endoscope 38
Stricture	0.7% (<1/2 circumferential lesion) 27.6% (1/2–3/4 circumferential lesion) 94.1% (>3/4 circumferential lesion) 43	Steroid injection 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 Oral steroid intake 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 58 Endoscopic balloon dilation 44