Table 2.

Results of basic and multiadjusted linear mixed models on associations between air pollution in ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ and ${\mathrm{NO}}_{\mathrm{x}}$ (5-y mean prior to baseline assessment, continuous and quartiles) and intercept and change (score/year) in odor identification in the total sample ($n=\mathrm{2,468}$), derived from the SNAC-K study on aging and care in Kungsholmen, Stockholm, Sweden (baseline assessment between 2001 and 2003; last assessment between 2013 and 2015).

	Intercept				Change
	Basic modela $\mathrm{\beta }$ (95% CI)	$p$-Value	Adjusted modelb $\mathrm{\beta }$ (95% CI)	$p$-Value	Basic modela $\mathrm{\beta }$ (95% CI)	$p$-Value	Adjusted modelb $\mathrm{\beta }$ (95% CI)	$p$-Value
${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ (${\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)	0.194 (0.045, 0.342)	0.01	0.181 (0.031, 0.330)	0.02	$-0.021$ ($-0.045$, 0.004)	0.10	$-0.022$ ($-0.047$, 0.002)	0.08	—
${\mathrm{NO}}_{\mathrm{x}}$ (${\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)	0.011 (0.002, 0.02)	0.02	0.010 (0.001, 0.002)	0.02	$-0.001$ ($-0.002$, 0.001)	0.35	$-0.001$ ($-0.002$, 0.001)	0.30	—
${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ quartiles (range)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Trend in change (p-value)
2nd (7.98–$8.27{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)	0.104 ($-0.192$, 0.400)	0.49	0.124 ($-0.170$, 0.418)	0.41	$-0.028$ ($-0.075$, 0.020)	0.26	$-0.027$ ($-0.074$, 0.021)	0.27	0.53
3rd (8.27–$8.5{9\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)	0.215 ($-0.081$, 0.512)	0.16	0.208 ($-0.089$, 0.505)	0.17	$-0.090$ ($-0.138$, $-0.042$)	0.000	$-0.090$ ($-0.138$, $-0.042$)	0.000	—
4th (8.59–$12.{37\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)	0.250 ($-0.047$, 0.546)	0.10	0.266 ($-0.033$, 0.565)	0.08	$-0.072$ ($-0.120$, $-0.024$)	0.003	$-0.070$ ($-0.118$, $-0.022$)	0.005	—
${\mathrm{NO}}_{\mathrm{x}}$ quartiles (range)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Trend in change (p-value)
2nd (26.76–$31{.83\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)	0.107 ($-0.190$, 0.404)	0.48	0.112 ($-0.183$, 0.407)	0.46	$-0.027$ ($-0.075$, 0.021)	0.27	$-0.027$ ($-0.075$, 0.022)	0.28	0.11
3rd (31.85–$36.{59\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)	0.235 ($-0.063$, 0.533)	0.12	0.247 ($-0.051$, 0.545)	0.11	$-0.054$ ($-0.102$, $-0.006$)	0.028	$-0.053$ ($-0.101$, $-0.005$)	0.029	—
4th (36.59–$110.{03\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)	0.230 ($-0.068$, 0.527)	0.13	0.259 ($-0.039$, 0.557)	0.09	$-0.067$ ($-0.115$, $-0.020$)	0.006	$-0.067$ ($-0.115$, $-0.019$)	0.006	—

Note: —, no data; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; ${\mathrm{NO}}_{\mathrm{x}}$, nitrogen oxide; ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to $2.5\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{m}$.

^a Adjusted for age, sex, and education.

^bAdjusted for age, sex, education, odor test version at baseline, baseline assessment year, vocabulary, longest held occupation, BMI, smoking, diabetes, heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease.