Table 4. Summary of studies examining the effects of combined health practices on mortality from all causes.

Author Year	Country Age Sex	Subjects Death Follow-up (yrs)	Health Practice	Low Risk	High Risk	No. of Health Practice	Multivariate Relative Risk (95% CI)
Breslow5 1993	US (Alameda, CA)	6,928	Smoking	Never	Current, Ex	Low Risk
	20-	719	Drinking	<5 drinks at a time	≥5 drinks at a time	0-3	1.00	(Reference)
	Men and women	9	Physical activity	High	Low	4-5	0.63	(0.53 - 0.76)
			Obesity	No	Yes	6-7	0.45	(0.35 - 0.57)
			Sleeping	7-8 hr/d	≤6, ≥9 hr/d
			Eating between meals	No	Yes
			Eating breakfast	Yes	No
Tsubono6 1993	Japan (Miyagi)	4,318	Smoking	Never	Current, Ex	Low Risk
	40-	207	Drinking	< 68.4 g/d	≥ 68.4 g/d, Ex	0-1	1.00	(Reference)
	Men and women	4	Exercise	≥1 hr/wk	Rarely	2	0.63	(0.38-1.05)
			BMI	≥21.2	<21.2	3	0.49	(0.30-0.80)
			Sleeping	7-8 hr/d	≤6, ≥9 hr/d	4	0.27	(0.14-0.50)
						5	0.14	(0.03-0.61)
							P for trend = 0.0001
Morioka7 1996	Japan (Wakayama)	3,048	Smoking	Never, Ex	Current	Low Risk	Men		Women
	40-79	171	Drinking	≤22.8 g/d	>22.8 g/d	5-4	1.0	(Reference)	1.0	(Reference)
	Men and women	6	Exercise	≥1 hr/wk	Rarely	3	1.0	(NS)	1.2	(NS)
			BMI	18-26	<18, >26	2-0	1.4	(NS)	1.8	(NS)
			Sleeping	7-8 hr/d	≤6, ≥9 hr/d
Haveman-Nies8 2002	7 European Countries	1,281	Smoking	Never, Ex (>15 yrs)	Current, Ex (≤15 yrs)	High Risk	Men		Women
	70-75	472	Physical activity	High	Low	0	1.0	(Reference)	1.0	(Reference)
	Men and women	11	Diet quality	High	Low	1	1.2-2.1		1.3-1.8
						2	1.7-2.8		2.2-3.1
						3	3.5		3.9
Present study 2003	Japan (Miyagi)	28,333	Smoking	Never	Current	High Risk	Men		Women
	40-64	1,200	Drinking	< 22.8 g/d	≥22.8 g/d	0	1.00	(Reference)	1.00	(Reference)
	Men and women	11	Walking	≥1 hr/d	<1 hr/d	1	1.20	(0.83-1.74)	1.31	(1.04-1.63)
			BMI	18.5-30	<18.5, ≥30	2	1.66	(1.17-2.35)	2.14	(1.54-2.97)
						3	1.94	(1.36-2.78)	3.98	(2.14-7.42)
						4	3.96	(2.26-6.95)	5.56	(0.77-40.29)
							P for trend < 0.001		P for trend < 0.001

CI: confidence interval

NS: not significant