Table 3.
Survey Responses by Period: ICU Resources, ICU Resource Use, and Provider Concerns
| Variable | Survey 1: First Surge, June 2020 (n = 991) | Survey 2: Second Surge, March 2021 (n = 1,345) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| ICU resource availability | |||
| Sufficient no. of intensivists (COVID-19) | 659 (66) | 567 (42) | .002 |
| Sufficient no. of intensivists (other ICU patients) | 688 (69) | 678 (50) | .568 |
| Sufficient no. of ICU nurses (COVID-19) | 529 (53) | 480 (36) | < .001 |
| Sufficient no. of ICU nurses (other ICU patients) | 583 (59) | 563 (42) | < .001 |
| Space | |||
| Sufficient no. of ICU beds (COVID-19) | 515 (68) | 209 (22) | < .001 |
| Sufficient no. of ICU beds (other ICU patients) | 455 (60) | 294 (31) | < .001 |
| Oxygen supplies, available for all patients | |||
| Ventilators | 672 (80) | 770 (70) | < .001 |
| NIPPV | 386 (46) | 503 (46) | .113 |
| HFNC | 234 (28) | 228 (21) | < .001 |
| Oxygen concentrator | 403 (48) | 447 (40) | .736 |
| Oxygen tank oxygen | 796 (95) | 1,022 (92) | .012 |
| Testing, always available | |||
| For patients | 316 (33) | 634 (49) | .8666 |
| For providers | 215 (23) | 475 (37) | < .001 |
| PPE, always available | |||
| Surgical mask | 685 (74) | 1,023 (82) | < .001 |
| Eye protection | 567 (62) | 726 (58) | < .001 |
| Face shield | 552 (60) | 710 (57) | < .001 |
| N95 | 429 (47) | 714 (57) | < .001 |
| PAPR | 231 (25) | 330 (26) | < .001 |
| Sterile gowns | 473 (51) | 772 (62) | < .001 |
| Gloves | 852 (93) | 1,145 (91) | < .001 |
| ICU resource use | |||
| Staffing | |||
| Nonintensivist care for ICU patients with COVID-19 | 314 (82) | 737 (88) | .002 |
| Nonintensivist care for other ICU patients | 177 (46) | 378 (45) | .568 |
| Non-ICU nursing care for ICU patients with COVID-19 | 354 (72) | 741 (81) | < .001 |
| Non-ICU nursing care for other ICU patients | 200 (40) | 388 (42) | < .001 |
| ICU nursing care for more patients at the same time | 135 (27) | 291 (32) | < .001 |
| Space | ... | ... | . . . |
| ICUs have to transfer ICU patients with COVID-19 | 122 (20) | 277 (23) | < .001 |
| ICUs have to transfer other ICU patients | 131 (22) | 240 (20) | < .001 |
| ICUs have to decline transfer requests for patients with COVID-19 | 146 (24) | 583 (49) | < .001 |
| ICUs have to decline transfer requests for other ICU patients | 153 (26) | 432 (36) | < .001 |
| Critical care intervention used for ICU patients with COVID-9 | |||
| Proning | 799 (81) | 1,093 (81) | .697 |
| ECMO | 131 (13) | 271 (20) | < .001 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 695 (70) | 949 (71) | .823 |
| Palliative care consultation | 287 (37) | 367 (36) | .202 |
| MV | |||
| Limiting MV for patients with COVID-19 | 98 (12) | 145 (13) | .36 |
| CPR in patients with COVID-19 | |||
| Unchanged compared with before COVID-19 | 202 (24) | 412 (37) | < .001 |
| New CPR policy | 437 (52) | 417 (38) | ... |
| No new policy, but changed CPR practices | 198 (24) | 279 (25) | ... |
| CPR decisions | |||
| No CPR in patients with COVID-19 | 16 (2) | 5 (0) | .001 |
| Determined by physicians | 571 (68) | 723 (65) | ... |
| Determined by families | 248 (30) | 380 (34) | ... |
| Family input for critical decisions in patients with COVID-19 | |||
| Less compared with before COVID-19 | 223 (27) | 281 (25) | < .001 |
| Provider concerns | n = 728 | n = 903 | ... |
| Insufficient access to PPE | 200 (28) | 132 (15) | < .001 |
| Hospital unable to keep providers safe | 162 (22) | 145 (16) | < .001 |
| Poor communication from supervisors | 159 (22) | 156 (17) | < .001 |
| Worries about my own health | 449 (62) | 462 (51) | < .001 |
| Worries about transmitting COVID-19 to my family or community | 572 (78) | 654 (72) | .001 |
| Experiencing social stigma outside of the hospital | 140 (19) | 142 (16) | < .001 |
| Witnessing colleagues in my hospital contract COVID-19 | 405 (55) | 387 (43) | < .001 |
| Hearing in the media about HCPs contract COVID-19 | 250 (34) | 249 (27) | < .001 |
| Emotional distress and burnout | 438 (60) | 638 (71) | < .001 |
| Worries about finances | 149 (21) | 172 (19) | < .001 |
| Living situation | |||
| Living away from family to protect my family | 123 (17) | 95 (11) | < .001 |
| Live in the same my house, but completely isolated | 34 (5) | 24 (3) | ... |
| Partially isolated from family members | 129 (18) | 123 (14) | ... |
| Do not isolate, but take extra precautions | 353 (49) | 498 (55) | ... |
| No precautions | 88 (12) | 163 (18) | ... |
Data are presented as No. (%), unless otherwise indicated. ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HCP = health care provider; HFNC = high-flow nasal cannula; MV = mechanical ventilation; NIPPV = noninvasive positive pressure ventilation; PAPR = powered air purifying respirator; PPE = personal protective equipment.