Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate analysis of prognostic factors associated with COVID-19 severity and survival
| Asymptomatic or symptomatic mild (A) versus symptomatic moderate or severe/critical (B) COVID-19 |
Clinical worsening: asymptomatic or symptomatic mild/moderate (C) versus symptomatic severe/critical or death (D) |
Overall survival at 90 days (E) |
||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prognosticfactor | A | B | Univariate analysis |
Multivariate analysis |
C | D | Univariate analysis |
Multivariate analysis |
E | Survival | Univariate analysis |
Multivariate analysis |
||||
| Category | n (%) | n (%) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | n (%) | n (%) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | n (%) | % | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| Gender | Female | 143 (75.7) | 46 (24.3) | <0.01 | 1.27 (0.71-2.28) | 0.43 | 176 (93.1) | 13 (6.9) | <0.01 | 1.87(0.76-4.61) | 0.17 | 189 (55.4) | 95 | 0.03 | ||
| Male | 89 (58.6) | 63 (41.4) | 126 (82.9) | 26 (17.1) | 152 (44.6) | 89 | ||||||||||
| Present status | Advanced active disease/palliation | 137 (61.2) | 87 (38.8) | <0.01 | 1.3 (0.68-2.49) | 0.42 | 188 (83.9) | 36 (16.1) | <0.01 | 0.48 (0.09-2.53) | 0.39 | 224 (65.7) | 88 | <0.01 | ||
| Remission/curative setting | 95 (81.2) | 22 (18.8) | 114 (97.4) | 3 (2.6) | 117 (34.3) | 100 | ||||||||||
| Age | ≤65 | 173 (71.5) | 69 (28.5) | 0.03 | 1.34 (0.75-2.4) | 0.33 | 219 (90.5) | 23 (9.5) | 0.08 | 242 (71) | 94 | 0.04 | ||||
| >65 | 59 (59.6) | 40 (40.4) | 83 (83.8) | 16 (16.2) | 99 (29) | 88 | ||||||||||
| Smoking status | Active/former smoker | 78 (60) | 52 (40) | 0.01 | 1.48 (0.81-2.72) | 0.21 | 112 (86.2) | 18 (13.8) | 0.21 | 130 (38.1) | 92 | 0.65 | ||||
| Nonsmoker | 154 (73) | 57 (27) | 183 (90.6) | 19 (9.4) | 202 (59.2) | 93 | ||||||||||
| ECOG PS | 0-1 | 193 (78.1) | 54 (21.9) | <0.01 | 3.82 (2.11-6.91) | <0.0001 | 242 (98) | 5 (2) | <0.01 | 34.1 (9.18-126.49) | <0.0001 | 247 (72.4) | 100 | <0.01 | 82.56 (11.26-605.24) | <0.0001 |
| 2-4 | 39 (41.5) | 55 (58.5) | 60 (63.8) | 34 (36.2) | 94 (27.6) | 73 | ||||||||||
| BMI | <30 | 166 (66.1) | 85 (33.9) | 0.21 | 219 (87.3) | 32 (12.7) | 0.2 | 251 (73.6) | 92 | 0.4 | ||||||
| ≥30 | 66 (73.3) | 24 (16.7) | 83 (92.2) | 7 (7.8) | 90 (26.4) | 94 | ||||||||||
| Comorbidities | 0-2 | 125 (76.7) | 38 (23.3) | <0.01 | 1.28 (0.71-2.32) | 0.41 | 147 (90.2) | 16 (9.8) | 0.37 | 163 (47.8) | 94 | 0.31 | ||||
| ≥3 | 107 (60.1) | 71 (39.9) | 155 (87.1) | 23 (12.9) | 178 (52.2) | 91 | ||||||||||
| Arterial hypertension | Yes | 81 (64.8) | 44 (35.2) | 0.33 | 112 (89.6) | 13 (10.4) | 0.65 | 125 (36.7) | 92 | 0.83 | ||||||
| No | 151 (69.9) | 65 (30.1) | 190 (88) | 26 (12) | 216 (63.3) | 93 | ||||||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | Yes | 27 (51.9) | 25 (48.1) | <0.01 | 1.41 (0.7-2.86) | 0.34 | 39 (75) | 13 (25) | <0.01 | 2.17 (0.84-5.61) | 0.11 | 52 (15.2) | 83 | <0.01 | ||
| No | 205 (70.9) | 84 (29.1) | 263 (91) | 26 (9) | 289 (84.8) | 94 | ||||||||||
| Ischemic cardiac disease | Yes | 31 (54.4) | 26 (45.6) | 0.02 | 1.73 (0.83-3.58) | 0.14 | 48 (84.2) | 9 (15.8) | 0.26 | 57 (16.7) | 86 | 0.04 | 3.05 (1.28-7.3) | 0.0126 | ||
| No | 201 (70.8) | 83 (29.2) | 254 (89.4) | 30 (10.6) | 284 (83.3) | 94 | ||||||||||
| Cerebrovascular disease | Yes | 4 (50) | 4 (50) | 0.47 | 7 (87.5) | 1 (12.5) | 0.64 | 8 (2.3) | 88 | 0.6 | ||||||
| No | 228 (68.5) | 105 (31.5) | 295 (88.6) | 38 (11.4) | 333 (97.7) | 92 | ||||||||||
| Peripheral arterial disease | Yes | 3 (42.9) | 4 (57.1) | 0.3 | 4 (57.1) | 3 (42.9) | 0.04 | 9.7 (1.25-75.34) | 0.03 | 7 (2.1) | 86 | 0.53 | ||||
| No | 229 (68.6) | 105 (31.4) | 298 (89.2) | 36 (10.8) | 334 (97.9) | 93 | ||||||||||
| Other cardiopathy | Yes | 18 (56.2) | 14 (43.8) | 0.13 | 27 (84.4) | 5 (15.6) | 0.62 | 32 (9.4) | 88 | 0.26 | ||||||
| No | 214 (69.3) | 95 (30.7) | 275 (89) | 34 (11) | 309 (90.6) | 93 | ||||||||||
| Deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism | Yes | 17 (53.1) | 15 (46.9) | 0.06 | 28 (87.5) | 4 (12.5) | 0.93 | 32 (9.4) | 88 | 0.25 | ||||||
| No | 215 (69.6) | 94 (30.4) | 274 (88.7) | 35 (11.3) | 309 (90.6) | 93 | ||||||||||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Yes | 15 (53.6) | 13 (46.4) | 0.09 | 23 (82.1) | 5 (17.9) | 0.42 | 28 (8.2) | 82 | 0.02 | ||||||
| No | 216 (69.3) | 96 (30.7) | 279 (89.1) | 34 (10.9) | 313 (91.8) | 93 | ||||||||||
| Chronic kidney disease | Yes | 2 (33.3) | 4 (66.7) | 0.16 | 4 (66.7) | 2 (33.3) | 0.29 | 6 (1.8) | 83 | 0.41 | ||||||
| No | 230 (68.7) | 105 (31.3) | 298 (89) | 37 (11) | 335 (98.2) | 93 | ||||||||||
| Chronic liver disease | Yes | 5 (45.5) | 6 (54.5) | 0.19 | 7 (63.6) | 4 (36.4) | 0.03 | 6.48 (1.06-39.65) | 0.04 | 11 (3.2) | 64 | <0.01 | 6.85 (2.19-21.38) | 0.001 | ||
| No | 227 (68.8) | 103 (31.2) | 295 (89.4) | 35 (10.6) | 330 (96.8) | 93 | ||||||||||
| Infections | Yes | 5 (50) | 5 (50) | 0.37 | 7 (70) | 3 (30) | 0.17 | 10 (2.9) | 80 | 0.12 | ||||||
| No | 227 (68.6) | 104 (31.4) | 295 (89.1) | 36 (10.9) | 331 (97.1) | 93 | ||||||||||
| Endocrinopathies | Yes | 17 (85) | 3 (15) | 0.09 | 19 (95) | 1 (5) | 0.57 | 20 (5.9) | 95 | 0.65 | ||||||
| No | 215 (67) | 106 (33) | 283 (88.2) | 38 (11.8) | 321 (94.1) | 92 | ||||||||||
| Other comorbidities | Yes | 19 (67.9) | 9 (32.1) | 0.98 | 27 (96.4) | 1 (3.6) | 0.29 | 28 (8.2) | 100 | 0.12 | ||||||
| No | 213 (68.1) | 100 (31.9) | 275 (87.9) | 38 (12.1) | 313 (91.8) | 92 | ||||||||||
| Tumor type | Hematological | 11 (44) | 14 (56) | <0.01 | 2.64 (0.97-7.15) | 0.057 | 17 (68) | 8 (32) | <0.01 | 1.88 (0.61-5.88) | 0.27 | 25 (7.3) | 84 | 0.11 | ||
| Solid tumors | 221 (69.9) | 95 (30.1) | 285 (90.2) | 31 (9.8) | 316 (92.7) | 93 | ||||||||||
| Lung | Yes | 38 (57.6) | 28 (42.4) | 0.04 | 1.36 (0.68-2.74) | 0.39 | 58 (87.9) | 8 (12.1) | 0.85 | 66 (19.4) | 92 | 0.99 | ||||
| No | 194 (70.5 | 81 (29.5) | 244 (88.7) | 31 (11.3) | 275 (80.6) | 92 | ||||||||||
| Digestive | Yes | 33 (61.1) | 21 (38.9) | 0.23 | 44 (81.5) | 10 (18.5) | 0.07 | 54 (15.8) | 85 | 0.03 | ||||||
| No | 199 (69.3) | 88 (30.7) | 258 (89.9) | 29 (10.1) | 287 (84.2) | 94 | ||||||||||
| Breast | Yes | 47 (78.3) | 13 (21.7) | 0.06 | 59 (98.3) | 1 (1.7) | <0.01 | 0.41 (0.04-3.82) | 0.44 | 60 (17.6) | 98 | 0.06 | ||||
| No | 185 (65.8) | 96 (34.2) | 243 (86.5) | 38 (13.5) | 281 (82.4) | 91 | ||||||||||
| Gynecological | Yes | 40 (75.5) | 13 (24.5) | 0.21 | 46 (86.8) | 7 (13.2) | 0.66 | 53 (15.5) | 89 | 0.26 | ||||||
| No | 192 (66.7) | 96 (33.3) | 256 (88.9) | 32 (11.1) | 288 (84.5) | 93 | ||||||||||
| Genitourinary | Yes | 13 (56.5) | 10 (43.5) | 0.22 | 21 (91.3) | 2 (8.7) | 0.93 | 23 (6.7) | 96 | 0.55 | ||||||
| No | 219 (68.9) | 99 (31.1) | 281 (88.4) | 37 (11.6) | 318 (93.3) | 92 | ||||||||||
| Skin, including melanoma | Yes | 17 (85) | 3 (15) | 0.09 | 20 (100) | 0.33 | 20 (5.9) | 100 | 0.19 | |||||||
| No | 215 (67) | 106 (33) | 282 (87.9) | 39 (12.1) | 321 (94.1) | 92 | ||||||||||
| Treatment in the previous 3 months | Yes | 200 (70.7) | 83 (29.3) | 0.02 | 0.48 (0.25-0.94) | 0.031 | 253 (89.4) | 30 (10.6) | 0.28 | 58 (17) | 93 | 0.83 | ||||
| No | 32 (55.2) | 26 (44.8) | 49 (84.5) | 9 (15.5) | 283 (83) | 92 | ||||||||||
| Surgery | Yes | 40 (75.5) | 13 (24.5) | 0.21 | 52 (98.1) | 1 (1.9) | 0.02 | 0.13 (0.02-1.15) | 0.07 | 53 (15.5) | 98 | 0.09 | ||||
| No | 192 (66.7) | 96 (33.3) | 250 (86.8) | 38 (13.2) | 288 (84.5) | 91 | ||||||||||
| Chemotherapy | Yes | 108 (67.9) | 51 (32.1) | 0.97 | 138 (86.8) | 21 (13.2) | 0.34 | 159 (46.6) | 91 | 0.25 | ||||||
| No | 124 (68.1) | 58 (31.9) | 164 (90.1) | 18 (9.9) | 182 (53.4) | 94 | ||||||||||
| Radiotherapy | Yes | 25 (73.5) | 9 (26.5) | 0.47 | 28 (82.4) | 6 (17.6) | 0.36 | 34 (10) | 82 | 0.01 | 4.34 (1.67-11.28) | 0.0027 | ||||
| No | 207 (67.4) | 100 (32.6) | 274 (89.3) | 33 (10.7) | 307 (90) | 93 | ||||||||||
| Hormonal therapy | Yes | 26 (76.5) | 8 (23.5) | 0.27 | 33 (97.1) | 1 (2.9) | 0.17 | 34 (10) | 97 | 0.28 | ||||||
| No | 206 (67.1) | 101 (32.9) | 269 (87.6) | 38 (12.4) | 307 (90) | 92 | ||||||||||
| Targeted therapy | Yes | 49 (70) | 21 (30) | 0.69 | 63 (90) | 7 (10) | 0.67 | 70 (20.5) | 94 | 0.49 | ||||||
| No | 183 (67.5) | 88 (32.5) | 239 (88.2) | 32 (11.8) | 271 (79.5) | 92 | ||||||||||
| Immunotherapy | Yes | 31 (75.6) | 10 (24.4) | 0.27 | 38 (92.7) | 3 (7.3) | 0.53 | 41 (12) | 95 | 0.49 | ||||||
| No | 201 (67) | 99 (33) | 264 (88) | 36 (12) | 300 (88) | 92 | ||||||||||
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status; OR, odds ratio.