Table 2.

SARS-CoV-2 and Comorbidities.

S. No.	Disease	SARS-CoV-2 targets/Mechanism	Symptoms/Syndrome	References
1	Hypertension	Overexpression of ACE-2 receptor	Blood pressure increased	(L et al., 2020).
2	Cardiovascular Diseases	Impaired immune system (patients experience inflammation in the cardiac muscles), Elevated troponin level, Interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 with ACE-2 in cardiac myocyte	Myocardial infarction, heart attack, dysrhythmia	(Sprockel et al., 2021)
3	Neurological Complications	Inflammatory response and hypercoagulation, enhanced D-dimers, prolongation of prothrombin time and DIC	Acute Cerebrovascular Disease Encephalopathy GBS HLH	(Tang and Hu, 2021, Uginet et al., 2021)
4	Liver diseases	ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 expression in liver cells	Elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)	(Marjot et al., 2021)
5	Renal diseases	Imbalance of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), Increased levels of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and ACE-2	Acute kidney injury (AKI) (sudden loss of kidney function)	(Bitencourt et al., 2020)
6	Endothelial dysfunction	Immune-inflammatory responses, expression and function of its receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the vasculature	Inflammation-induced heart failure	(Sisti et al., 2021)
7	HIV	Impaired immune response and ACE-2 receptor in the lungs	Jaundice A low CD4 count	(Ssentongo et al., 2021)
8	Obesity	The abnormal cytokines secretions and adipokines	Chronic obesity with effect on bronchi and lung parenchyma	(Simonnet et al., 2020)
9	Stroke	Hypercoagulability, endothelial injury, vasculitis	Shaking with chills	(Qureshi et al., 2021, Spence et al., 2020)
10	Diabetes	ACE-2 expression, cytokines storm	Pneumonia like symptoms Blood counts of IL-6, C.R.P., and ferritin	(Maddaloni and Buzzetti, 2020)
11	Gangrene	COVID-19 associated hypercoagulability	Localized death, decomposition, and putrefaction of toe or foot fingers	(E et al., 2020)
12	Pulmonary diseases Asthma	local/systemic inflammation, compromised host response, overexpression of ACE-2 receptor in lungs cells	Shortness of breath, cough, pneumonia (2.5-fold more risk), Severe hypoxemia	(Dong et al., 2020; Qiu et al., 2020)
13	Cancer	Immune dysregulation and chronic inflammation, increase in cytokine levels including IL-6	Adult respiratory distress syndrome	(Jyotsana and King, 2020; Wang et al., 2020b)