Table 4. Difference in sternal deviations/stability between the primary diagnoses in all participants.

Variables	Valvular (n=52)	Ischemic (n=19)	Aortic (n=19)	Others (n=7)	P value
Sternal gaps (mm)
Right upper limb elevation
Anterior-posterior gap	2.04±0.89	2.13±0.96	2.08±1.15	1.80±0.99	0.888
	2.00 (1.50–4.00)	1.9 (1.40–2.50)	1.90 (1.10–2.60)	1.9 (1.00–2.40)	0.933
Cranial-caudal gap	1.06±1.11	1.95±1.68	0.78±1.15	1.13±0.84	0.435
	1.00 (0.00–1.80)	2.20 (0.00–3.00)	0.00 (0.00–1.80)	1.50 (0.00–1.80)	0.646
Bilateral upper limbs elevation
Anterior-posterior gap	2.10±0.81	2.28±0.87	2.31±1.17	1.91±1.08	0.672
	2.10 (1.50–2.70)	2.20 (1.60–3.00)	1.80 (1.60–2.60)	1.90 (1.10–2.20)	0.752
Cranial-caudal gap	1.11±1.10	1.82±1.38	0.96±2.02	1.24±0.93	0.210
	1.05 (0.00–1.78)	1.90 (0.00–2.90)	0.00 (0.00–1.30)	1.30 (0.00–2.00)	0.310
Difference between two postures
Anterior-posterior gap	0.27±0.27	0.37±0.34	0.42±0.23	0.31±0.23	0.216
	0.20 (0.03–0.43)	0.30 (0.20–0.50)	0.50 (0.20–0.60)	0.3 (0.10–0.50)	0.101
Cranial-caudal gap	0.22±0.43	0.28±0.49	0.44±1.07	0.43±0.44	0.549
	0.04 (0.00–0.30)	0.00 (0.00–0.40	0.00 (0.00–0.30)	0.20 (0.20–0.90)	0.341
Numerical rating scale of pain
At rest (n=33, 14, 12, 6)	0.5±0.9	0.1±0.4	0.9±1.6	0.0±0.0	0.134
	0.0 (0.0–1.0)	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0.0 (0.0–1.0)	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0.136
At right upper limb elevation (n=50, 19, 18, 7)	0.9±1.1	0.8±1.2	1.5±1.3	0.9±1.9	0.327
	0.5 (0.0–2.0)	0.0 (0.0–1.0)	1.0 (0.8–2.0)	0.0 (0.0–1.0)	0.125
At sitting up (n=50, 19, 18, 7)	1.8±1.8	1.2±1.6	2.0±1.9	1.7±2.1	0.528
	1.0 (0.0–3.0)	1.0 (0.0–2.0)	2.0 (0.0–2.3)	1.0 (0.0–2.0)	0.382

Data are presented as mean ± SD and median (IQR). P values were derived by one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test.