Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants according to their glucose regulation status.
| Variables | NGT | Prediabetes | Diabetes | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of participants | 17,082 | 7,408 | 4,415 | |
| Age, years | 41.4 (40.9–41.8) | 53.5 (52.9–54.2) | 58.3 (57.6–59.0) | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 7,714 (46.2) | 3,966 (53.0) | 2,220 (49.1) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 8,745 (73.1) | 3,577 (69.1) | 1,778 (64.1) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 2,987 (9.3) | 1,548 (12.2) | 1,101 (15.3) | |
| Mexican American/others | 5,350 (17.6) | 2,283 (18.7) | 1,536 (20.6) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.1 (27.0–27.3) | 29.9 (29.7–30.1) | 32.4 (32.0–32.7) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 3,485 (19.5) | 2,986 (38.3) | 2,768 (60.3) | <0.001 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 3,715 (52.3) | 1,515 (43.6) | 783 (36.0) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 197.7 (196.8–198.6) | 206.1 (204.7–207.4) | 197.5 (195.4–199.6) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 54.3 (53.8–54.7) | 50.7 (50.2–51.3) | 47.6 (47.0–48.3) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 132.9 (130.4–135.5) | 167.8 (163.9–171.7) | 210.4 (200.5–220.3) | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dl | 86.0 (85.8–86.2) | 100.1 (99.7–100.6) | 149.6 (147.0–152.2) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.18 (5.17–5.19) | 5.64 (5.63–5.66) | 7.11 (7.04–7.19) | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 101.2 (100.5–102.0) | 90.1 (89.1–91.0) | 85.2 (84.1–86.3) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%)a | 738 (3.3) | 810 (8.9) | 808 (16.6) | <0.001 |
| Daily calories, kcal/day | 2,277 (2,255–2,298) | 2,152 (2,116–2,188) | 1,926 (1,883–1,969) | <0.001 |
| % from carbohydrate | 50.6 (50.4–50.9) | 49.8 (49.5–50.2) | 48.3 (47.8–48.7) | |
| % from fat | 33.8 (33.6–34.0) | 34.3 (33.9–34.6) | 34.9 (34.5–35.4) | |
| % from protein | 15.6 (15.5–15.7) | 15.9 (15.7–16.1) | 16.8 (16.6–17.1) | |
| DASH score | 2.39 (2.35–2.42) | 2.34 (2.29–2.38) | 2.32 (2.26–2.38) | <0.001 |
| aMED | 3.44 (3.39–3.50) | 3.41 (3.35–3.47) | 3.36 (3.30–3.43) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as mean (95% CI) or n (%). aMED, alternative Mediterranean Diet Index; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; NGT, normal glucose tolerance.
a
eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2.