Table 1.
Details of RCTs included in our meta-analysis.
| References | Country | Sources of funding | Number of participants | Procedure type | Dosage of lidocaine | Additional drugs for pain control | Drugs for maintenance of general analgesia | First flatus hours, mean (SD) or median (IQR) | First defecation hours, mean (SD) or median (IQR) | VAS/NRS score (24 h at rest) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuo et al. (8) | Taiwan | Academic | IVF-Lido: 20 | Open surgery | Loading 2 mg/kg, then 3 mg/kg/h for 72 h | Morphine and ropivacaine PCEA | Desflurane, fentanyl | 60.2 (5.8) | N/I | 2.4 |
| IVF-saline: 20 | 71.7 (4.7) | N/I | 2.9 | |||||||
| Kaba et al. (9) | Belgium | Academic | IVF-Lido: 20 | Laparoscopic surgery | Loading 1.5 mg/kg IV, then 2 mg/kg/h intra-op, then 1.33 mg mg/kg/h for 24 h | Propacetamol IV, ketorolac IV, piritramide PCA | Sevoflurane, sufentanil | 17 (11–24) | 28 (24–37) | 0.7 |
| IVF-saline: 20 | 28 (25–33) | 51 (41–70) | 1.7 | |||||||
| Herroeder et al. (11) | Germany | Academic | IVF-Lido: 31 | Open surgery | Loading 1.5 mg/kg, then 2 mg/min for 4 h | Piritramide PCA, metamizole, paracetamol | Sevoflurane, nitrous oxide |
50 (20) | 66.6 (26.4) | 3 |
| IVF-saline: 29 | 60 (27) | 82.1 (33.8) | 3 | |||||||
| Zou et al. (21) | China | N/I | IVF-Lido: 30 | Open surgery | Loading 1.5 mg/kg, then 1.5 mg/kg/h for 12 h | Morphine IV | Sevoflurane, sufentanil, vecuronium bromide | 23 (6) | 31 (7) | 2.1 |
| IVF-saline: 30 | 28 (7) | 43 (9) | 2.2 | |||||||
| Elhafz et al. (33) | Egypt | N/I | IVF-Lido: 9 | Laparoscopic surgery | 2 mg/min if BW>70 kg or 1 mg/min if BW <70 Kg, till bowel function recovery | Morphine PCA | Isoflurane | 39.6 (12.7) | 61.4 (9.5) | 2.7 |
| IVF-saline: 9 | 51.4 (14.2) | 82.3 (10.1) | 4.1 | |||||||
| Tikuisis et al. (10) | Lithuania | Academic | IVF-Lido: 30 | Laparoscopic surgery | Loading 1.5 mg/kg, then 2 mg/kg/h intra-op, then 1 mg mg/kg/h for 24 h | Fentanyl IVF | Sevoflurane, fentanyl | 26.97 (2.3) | N/I | 2.6 |
| IVF-saline: 30 | 32.93 (2.86) | N/I | 4 | |||||||
| Kim et al. (12) | South Korea | Academic | IVF-Lido: 32 | Laparoscopic surgery | Loading 1 mg/kg, then 1 mg/kg/h for 24 h | Ketorolac IVF | Sevoflurane, nitrous oxide |
58 (48–72.8) | 78 (59.3–93.8) | 5.7 |
| IVF-saline: 36 | 48 (36–73.5) | 73.5 (47–106.5) | 5.7 | |||||||
| Staikou et al. (13) | Greece | Academic | IVF-Lido: 20 | Open surgery | Loading 1.5 mg/kg, then 2 mg/kg/h intra-op | Morphine and ropivacaine PCA, paracetamol, lornoxicam | Desflurane, remifentail | 72.4 (6.54) | N/I | 1 |
| IVF-saline: 20 | 73.6 (21) | N/I | 1 | |||||||
| Dewinter et al. (14) | Belgium | Academic | IVF-Lido: 50 | Laparoscopic surgery | Loading 1.5 mg/kg, then 1.5 mg/kg/h for 4 h | Acetaminophen IV, ketorolac IV, morphine IV and PCIA | Sevoflurane | 24 (24–48) | 72 (48–120) | 4.7 |
| IVF-saline: 25 | 24 (24–48) | 72 (48–120) | 4 | |||||||
| Ho et al. (15) | Australia | Academic | IVF-Lido: 28 | Open surgery | Loading 1.5 mg/kg, then 1 mg/kg/h for 48 h |
Fentanyl IVF and PCIA, NSAID, ketamine | Sevoflurane, desflurane | 67.7 (38.5) | 80.1 (42.2) | 3 |
| IVF-saline: 29 | 70 (31.2) | 82.5 (40.4) | 4 | |||||||
| Zhao et al. (23) | China | Academic | IVF-Lido: 20 | Laparoscopic surgery | Loading 2 mg/kg, then 1.5 mg/kg/h intra-op | Flurbiprofen IV, Pethidine IM | Sevoflurane, propofol | 15.7 (1.53) | 27.5 (5.72) | N/I |
| IVF-saline: 20 | 25.35 (3.4) | 32.1 (6.46) | N/I | |||||||
| Wang (22) | China | N/I | IVF-Lido: 40 | Laparoscopic surgery | Loading 1 mg/kg, then 1 mg/kg/h intra-op | Sufentanil IVF | Propofol, rocuronium, sufentanil | 18.2 (5.5) | 32.7 (6.4) | N/I |
| IVF-saline: 40 | 28.2 (6.4) | 45.2 (9.3) | N/I | |||||||
| Herzog et al. (16) | Denmark | Academic | IVF-Lido: 29 | Robotic surgery | Loading 1.5 mg/kg, then 1,500 mg/h till PACU for 2 h |
Morphine IV, Paracetamol, NSAID | Sufentanil, desflurane | 32 (24–40) | N/I | 2 |
| IVF-saline: 29 | 34 (26–48) | N/I | 2 |
Lido, lidocaine; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; VAS, visual analogue scale; NRS, numeric rating scale; h, hour; N/I, no information; PACU, post-anesthesia care unit; op, operation; IV(F), intravenous (infusion); IM, intramuscular; PC(E or I)A, patient controlled (epidural or intravenous) anesthesia.