Table 2.
GRADE assessment.
| Certainty assessment | Risk difference with IVF of lidocaine | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants (studies) Follow up | Study limitation | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Publication bias | Overall certainty of evidence | |
| First flatus | |||||||
| 696 (13 RCTs) | Seriousa | Seriousb | Not serious | Not serious | Undetected | ⊕⊕○○ LOW |
MD 6.03 lower (8.80 lower to 3.26 lower) |
| First defecation | |||||||
| 498 (9 RCTs) | Seriousa | Seriousb | Not serious | Not serious | Undetected | ⊕⊕○○ LOW |
MD 10.49 lower (15.58 lower to 5.41 lower) |
IVF, intravenous infusion; RCT, randomized controlled trial; RoB, risk of bias; CI: confidence interval; MD, mean difference; GRADE, grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluations.
a
≥ 50% enrolled RCTs were with some-concerned or high overall RoB.
b
I2 > 60%.