Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Mar 15.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2022 Jan 5;544:111554. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111554

Figure 2. Ceramide in microbiome-gut-liver axis.

Figure 2.

(Left) Inhibition of sphingolipid de novo synthesis pathway decreases ceramides level and leads to barrier dysfunction in the IEC. Bacteria and their metabolites infiltration in the IEC cause chronic inflammation and increase the risk of NAFLD and NASH. (Right) Schematic depiction of the role ceramides played in two pathways that microbiome regulates the metabolites in the gut lumen and causes liver steatosis and NASH. LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TCA, taurocholic acid; SCFA, short-chain fatty acid; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; HIF2α, hypoxia-inducible factor 2α; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.