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. 2022 Feb 9;13:763. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28413-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Schematic illustration of the in-situ variable-temperature NAP-XPS measurements at H₂ atmosphere (0.1 mbar), where O, C, P and W atoms are represented by red, gray, pink, and blue spheres, respectively. b W 4 f core-level XPS spectra for tungsten species treated at temperature ranging from 400 to 600 °C. c XPS valence band spectra of various tungsten species and the reference samples of W foil and Pt (111). d FT-EXAFS spectra at the W L₃-edge of W-SAs, W-ACs, WC NPs, and W foil. Typical atomic models of (e) W-SAs, f W-ACs. g WC NPs. W (blue), C (gray), and P (pink).