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. 2022 Feb 9;13:779. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28385-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Fold change (FC) heatmaps of the expression of components of selenium metabolic pathways (purple), stress-related selenoproteins (red), and other selenoproteins (black) in human OA and OA-relevant conditions. Public transcriptome datasets generated from human OA cartilage (GSE64394 and GSE98460), IL-1β-treated cartilage explant (GSE100083), and IL-1β-treated chondrocytes (GSE75181, GSE6119, and GSE104793) were analyzed. b Cartilage sections from the undamaged or damaged region of human OA cartilage were stained with Alcian blue and immunostained against SEPHS1 and p16^INK4a. The extent of cartilage destruction was evaluated by the OARSI grading system and SEPHS1-positive cells were quantified (n = 22). c Spearman’s rank correlation between OARSI grade and SEPHS1 positivity using human knee cartilage samples from (b). d FC heatmaps of the expression of the indicated genes in the cartilage of OA animal models. Public transcriptome datasets generated from OA models of mice (GSE143447 and GSE110268) and rats (GSE42295, GSE8077, and GSE28958) were analyzed. e Safranin O staining of cartilage sections and immunohistochemistry of SEPHS1 and p16^INK4a from 3- and 24-month-old mice. The extent of cartilage destruction was evaluated by the OARSI grading system and SEPHS1-positive cells were quantified (n = 4, 6 respectively). The inset in the images is shown as magnified images in the bottom row. f Safranin O staining of cartilage sections and immunohistochemistry of SEPHS1 and MMP13 from control (sham) and post-traumatic OA cartilage (8 weeks after DMM) of mice. The extent of cartilage destruction was evaluated by the OARSI grading system and SEPHS1-positive cells were quantified (n = 6, 9 respectively). The inset in the images is shown as magnified images in the bottom row. Scale bars: b 50 μm, e, f 200 μm. b, e, f Data represent means ± s.e.m. P values are from two-tailed Mann–Whitney U test (b, e, f; middle panel), two-tailed t test (b, e, f; right panel), or two-tailed Spearman’s rank correlation test (c). Cohen’s d effect sizes are provided in Supplementary Table 8.