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. 2022 Feb 9;13:770. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28240-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — A, B Healthy subjects between the ages of 22 and 45 years were administered 400 mg (~ 5 mg/kg) of caffeine (CF) following a 12 h fasting period. Plasma PCSK9 levels were measured before administration, as well as 2- and 4 -h following administration (n = 12 and n = 5, respectively). C PCSK9 levels were also measured in a group of individuals (n = 5) that were not administered CF to control for the additional 2 h of fasting time during the experiment. Differences between groups were determined using a paired two-tailed Student’s t-test.