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. 2022 Feb 9;12:2182. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05226-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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US modulation effects on the sciatic nerve for a wide range of US parameters. (A) Parameter response map of pressure and PD space. As PD and pressure increased, US modulation shifted from enhancement or suppression to predominantly suppression effects. (B) Change in V_RMS is plotted as a function of intensity (I_SPTA). Modulation effects shifted from both enhancement and suppression to only suppression as I_SPTA increased. Lower center frequencies required lower intensities to achieve the same amount of suppression as achieved for higher center frequencies. Based on the curve fits, to elicit a suppression of 50% over 100 trials (1 s TD), it would require 8.33, 11.15, and 32.49 W/cm² with the 0.22, 0.52, and 1 MHz transducer, respectively. Data acquired across five animals. (C) Comparison between the change in V_RMS (mean ± SD) of the baseline paradigm and the US-mod paradigm using low intensities (I_SPTA), which are 0.01, 0.02, and 0.04 W/cm² for the 0.22, 0.52, and 1 MHz transducer, respectively (i.e., portion of the curve where both enhanced and suppressed responses are observed and below intensities where responses become noticeably suppressed). Data were pooled from total sessions (specified as m below) across different animals (specified as n below). The control group (m = 49, n = 16; black) was not significantly different (p = 0.18) from the low US-mod group (m = 41, n = 7; blue), and the distribution of points were similar across groups. The 0.22, 0.52, and 1 MHz transducers were used. n.s., not significant. Data are represented as mean ± SD.