TABLE 1.
Demographic characteristics for HBP participants who completed all four measures of cognitive engagement and rated highly in zero to four cognitive engagement indices (educational attainment, occupational complexity, frequency of social engagement, and variety of leisure activities)
| Number of cognitive engagement indices | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
| M(SD) or N% | M(SD) or N% | M(SD) or N% | M(SD) or N% | M(SD) or N% | M(SD) or N% | P | |
| N | 1864 | 117 | 463 | 723 | 452 | 109 | |
| Age (years) | 57.21 (7.16) | 61.36 (5.98) | 58.42 (6.94) | 56.88 (7.25) | 56.34 (7.07) | 53.43 (6.02) | <.001 |
| Sex, female | 1412 (75.75%) | 82 (70.09%) | 335 (72.35%) | 539 (74.55%) | 362 (80.08%) | 94 (86.24%) | .002 |
| Education (years) | 15.98 (3.46) | 10.85 (1.15) | 15.13 (3.57) | 16.42 (3.10) | 17.13 (2.94) | 17.45 (3.07) | <.001 |
| European ethnicity | 1517 (81.38%) | 81 (69.23%) | 358 (77.32%) | 603 (83.40%) | 385 (85.18%) | 90 (82.57%) | <.001 |
| Family history of dementia | 1297 (69.58%) | 85 (72.65%) | 303 (65.44%) | 511 (70.68%) | 318 (70.35%) | 80 (73.39%) | .212 |
| HADS depression, score units | 3.07 (2.78) | 3.83 (3.01) | 3.34 (2.93) | 3.09 (2.83) | 2.78 (2.51) | 2.25 (2.26) | <.001 |
| HADS anxiety, score units | 3.69 (3.24) | 4.46 (4.17) | 4.13 (3.48) | 3.59 (3.12) | 3.34 (2.97) | 3.21 (2.54) | <.001 |
Notes: High educational attainment was defined as >12 years of formal education, and high occupational complexity, high frequency of social engagement, and high variety of leisure activities were defined as scoring above the median (12, 19, and 2, respectively).
Abbreviations: HBP, Healthy Brain Project; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; SD, standard deviation.