TABLE 1.
Participant characteristics1
| Bangladesh (n = 573) | Malawi (n = 255) | |
|---|---|---|
| Maternal | ||
| Intervention group | ||
| IFA | 292 (51.0%) | 84 (32.9%) |
| MMN | 281 (49.0%) | 85 (33.3%) |
| LNS | — | 86 (33.7%) |
| Age, y | 23.2 (5.4) | 25.1 (6.1) |
| Gestational age at first visit, wks | 11.1 (4.5) | 16.9 (2.3) |
| Height, cm | 148.9 (5.1) | 155.9 (5.6) |
| Weight, kg | 42.9 (6.1) | 53.2 (7.2) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 19.4 (2.3) | 21.5 (2.5) |
| Primiparous | 209 (36.5%) | 51 (20.0%) |
| Education2 | ||
| 0 y | 144 (25.2%) | 75 (30.0%) |
| 1–4 y | 79 (13.8%) | 72 (28.7%) |
| 5–9 y | 305 (53.2%) | 89 (35.5%) |
| ≥10 y | 45 (7.8%) | 15 (6.0%) |
| Child3 | ||
| Sex, male | 311 (54.3%) | 117 (45.9%) |
| Gestational age at delivery, wk | 39.2 (2.7) | 40.0 (1.5) |
| Anthropometry4 | ||
| LAZ | ||
| Birth or 1 mo | –1.48 (1.08) | –0.89 (0.10) |
| 6 mo | –1.37 (1.01) | –1.18 (1.12) |
| 18 or 24 mo | –2.16 (0.98) | –1.60 (1.05) |
| WLZ | ||
| Birth or 1 mo | –0.84 (1.02) | 0.36 (1.10) |
| 6 mo | –0.61 (0.99) | 0.35 (1.06) |
| 18 or 24 mo | –1.31 (0.91) | –0.13 (0.91) |
| WAZ | ||
| Birth or 1 mo | –1.58 (0.96) | –0.30 (0.96) |
| 6 mo | –1.37 (0.96) | –0.54 (1.13) |
| 18 or 24 mo | –2.08 (0.91) | –0.85 (0.97) |
| Breastfeeding5 | ||
| 3 mo of age | ||
| Exclusive | 429 (76.2%) | 103 (53.9%) |
| Predominant | 65 (11.6%) | 28 (14.7%) |
| Partial | 65 (11.4%) | 60 (31.4%) |
| None | 4 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| 6 mo of age | ||
| Exclusive | 68 (13.9%) | 14 (6.9%) |
| Predominant | 23 (4.7%) | 14 (6.9%) |
| Partial | 398 (81.1%) | 175 (86.2%) |
| None | 2 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Household | ||
| Electricity | 80 (14.0%) | 20 (7.9%) |
| Piped water access | 1 (0.2%) | 32 (12.6%) |
| Toilet facility6 | ||
| None | 127 (22.2%) | 12 (4.7%) |
| Pit latrine | 28 (4.9%) | 207 (81.5%) |
| Ventilated pit latrine | — | 33 (13.0%) |
| Water sealed | 418 (72.9%) | — |
| Flush | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.8%) |
| Food security7 | ||
| Food secure | 262 (53.4%) | 45 (17.9%) |
| Food insecure | 229 (46.6%) | 206 (82.1%) |
Values are mean (SD) or n (% of total). IFA, iron-folic acid; LAZ, length-for-age z score; LNS, lipid-based nutritional supplement; MMN, multiple micronutrient; WAZ, weight-for-age z score; WLZ, weight-for-length z score.
In Malawi, n = 4 missing educational attainment data.
Total numbers of respondents in Bangladesh are n = 556 for gestational age at delivery, n = 563 for LAZ at birth, n = 482 for LAZ at 6 mo, n = 484 for LAZ at 24 mo, n = 480 for WLZ at birth, n = 482 for WLZ at 6 mo, n = 483 for WLZ at 24 mo, n = 573 for WAZ at birth, n = 486 for WAZ at 6 mo, n = 500 for WAZ at 24 mo. In Malawi, n = 255 for gestational age at delivery, n = 238 for LAZ at birth, n = 233 for LAZ at 6 mo, n = 248 for LAZ at 18 mo, n = 234 for WLZ at birth, n = 233 for WLZ at 6 mo, n = 248 for WLZ at 18 mo, n = 239 for WAZ at birth, n = 235 for WAZ at 6 mo, n = 248 for WAZ at 18 mo.
Assessments at birth and 6 and 24 mo in Bangladesh and 1, 6, and 18 mo in Malawi.
Assessed in Bangladesh regarding feeding practices in the prior ∼3 mo; assessed in Malawi regarding feeding in past 24 h. Total of n = 563 respondents at 3 mo and n = 491 at 6 mo in Bangladesh; n = 191 at 3 mo and n = 203 at 6 mo in Malawi.
In Malawi, n = 1 missing toilet facility data.
Food insecure includes mild, moderate, or severe food insecurity. Assessed at 6 mo postpartum in Bangladesh, n = 491; assessed at maternal baseline enrollment in Malawi, n = 251.