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. 2022 Jan 27;9:740712. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.740712

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) from human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) enhanced osteogenic differentiation potency of gingival fibroblasts (GF). GF were reseeded on N-dECM and OM-dECM cultured with growth medium or osteogenic differentiation medium. (A and B) Cell attachment was examined at 24 h using a scanning electron microscope analysis. (C) Cell metabolic activity was examined using MTT assay on days 1, 3, and 7. (D) The mRNA expression of osteogenic marker gene was evaluated using real-time quantitative PCR. GF were seeded on TCP; after osteogenic differentiation for 14 days, ALP staining and mineral accumulation were determined using BCIP/NBT and Alizarin Red S and Von Kossa staining, respectively (E–H). GF were reseeded on N-dECM or OM-dECM and subsequently cultured in growth medium (I–R) or osteogenic induction medium (K–T). Cell seeded on TCP were used as control. Asterisks indicate a statistically significant difference compared with the control (p-value <0.05).