Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 3,401 patients of the Alpha Omega Cohort, overall, and in tertiles of total potato intakea.
|
Total (n = 3,401) |
Energy-adjusted total potato intake | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | ||
| (n = 1,133) <90.3 g/d | (n = 1,134) 90.3–129.2 g/d | (n = 1,134) >129.2 g/d | ||
| Age, year | 68.9 ± 5.5 | 68.5 ± 5.6 | 68.8 ± 5.4 | 69.3 ± 5.5 |
| Females | 680 (20) | 277 (24) | 204 (18) | 199 (18) |
| Dutch ethnicity | 3,359 (99) | 1,114 (98) | 1,126 (99) | 1,128 (99) |
| BMIb, kg/m2 | 27.4 ± 3.5 | 27.3 ± 3.6 | 27.3 ± 3.4 | 27.4 ± 3.4 |
| Obese | 685 (20) | 239 (21) | 217 (19) | 229 (20) |
| Body weightc, kg | 81.6 ± 12.0 | 80.7 ± 12.3 | 81.9 ± 11.7 | 82.0 ± 11.8 |
| Educational leveld | ||||
| Only elementary | 667 (20) | 175 (15) | 227 (20) | 265 (23) |
| Low | 1,221 (36) | 381 (34) | 401 (36) | 439 (39) |
| Intermediate | 1,070 (32) | 396 (35) | 367 (33) | 307 (27) |
| High | 428 (13) | 177 (16) | 134 (12) | 117 (10) |
| Smoking statuse | ||||
| Never | 572 (17) | 200 (18) | 176 (16) | 196 (17) |
| Former | 2278 (67) | 736 (65) | 783 (69) | 759 (67) |
| Current | 550 (16) | 196 (17) | 175 (15) | 179 (16) |
| Physical activityf | ||||
| Low | 1,314 (39) | 427 (38) | 424 (37) | 463 (41) |
| Intermediate | 723 (21) | 271 (24) | 222 (20) | 230 (20) |
| High | 1,347 (40) | 430 (38) | 484 (43) | 433 (38) |
| Self-rated healthg | ||||
| Very good or excellent | 440 (13) | 147 (13) | 155 (14) | 138 (12) |
| Good | 2,254 (66) | 714 (63) | 765 (68) | 775 (69) |
| Moderate or poor | 696 (21) | 266 (23) | 212 (19) | 218 (19) |
| Alcohol intake | ||||
| No or light drinker | 1,819 (53) | 583 (51) | 587 (52) | 649 (57) |
| Moderate drinker | 1,011 (30) | 329 (29) | 349 (31) | 333 (29) |
| Heavy drinker | 571 (17) | 221 (20) | 198 (17) | 152 (13) |
| Time since last myocardial infarction, yh | 3.5 (1.6–6.3) | 3.2 (1.5–5.3) | 3.5 (1.6–6.1) | 4.0 (1.6–6.6) |
| Family history of diabetes | 559 (16) | 178 (16) | 178 (16) | 203 (18) |
| Prevalent prediabetesi | 210 (7) | 75 (16) | 65 (6) | 70 (7) |
| Plasma glucose, j mmol/L | 5.6 ± 1.0 | 5.6. ± 0.9 | 5.6 ± 1.0 | 5.6 ± 1.0 |
| Blood pressure,k mmHg | ||||
| Systolic | 141.7 ± 21.5 | 141.6 ± 21.8 | 141.1 ± 21.1 | 142.3 ± 21.6 |
| Diastolic | 80.7 ± 11.1 | 81.2 ± 11.0 | 80.4 ± 11.2 | 80.7 ± 11.2 |
| Hypertensionl | 3,228 (95) | 1,074 (95) | 1,077 (95) | 1,077 (95) |
| Serum lipids, mmol/L | ||||
| LDL cholesterolm | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 0.8 |
| HDL cholesteroln | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 |
| Use of cardiovascular medication | ||||
| Antihypertensive medication | 3,024 (89) | 1,009 (89) | 1,012 (89) | 1,003 (88) |
| Lipid-modifying medication | 2,953 (87) | 974 (86) | 1,007 (89) | 972 (86) |
| Total energy intake, kJ/d | 8,170 ± 2,210 | 8,158 ± 2,451 | 8,301 ± 2,043 | 8,052 ± 2,112 |
| Intake dietary factorso, g/d | ||||
| Boiled potato | 74 (46–99) | 37 (25–50) | 74 (60–99) | 105 (84–140) |
| Baked potato | 0 (0–24) | 0 (0–12) | 12 (0–24) | 0 (0–33) |
| Mashed potato | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–3) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) |
| Hotchpot | 20 (0–59) | 17 (0–31) | 20 (0–39) | 39 (17–61) |
| French fries | 0 (0–6) | 0 (0–4) | 2 (0–8) | 0 (0–8) |
| Whole grains | 118 (88–158) | 118 (88–158) | 125 (88–161) | 121 (88–157) |
| Refined grains | 41 (21–71) | 42 (21–74) | 40 (21–72) | 41 (20–70) |
| Fish | 14 (5–18) | 15 (6–23) | 15 (5–15) | 12 (4–17) |
| Red and processed meat | 69 (43–94) | 63 (40–91) | 70 (45–95) | 72 (43–97) |
| Milk | 150 (58–103) | 150 (21–150) | 150 (21–150) | 150 (21–150) |
| Yogurt and custard | 107 (21–150) | 107 (21–150) | 107 (21–150) | 107 (21–150) |
| Vegetables | 78 (58–103) | 62 (43–91) | 78 (63–97) | 92 (73–117) |
| Fruits | 110 (43–249) | 114 (44–259) | 109 (43–253) | 106 (43–219) |
| Nuts, seeds and legumes | 8 (4–14) | 9 (4–14) | 8 (4–14) | 8 (4–14) |
| Cooking fats | 10 (2–23) | 7 (1–20) | 12 (3–25) | 11 (2–25) |
| Mayonnaise | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | 127 (46–210) | 146 (54–237) | 127 (42–203) | 107 (41–188) |
| Sweet snacks | 55 (31–86) | 58 (32–93) | 58 (35–86) | 50 (29–76) |
| Savory snacks | 16 (9–28) | 17 (9–29) | 17 (9–29) | 16 (8–27) |
| Saturated fatty acids | 27 (21–34) | 27 (20–35) | 27 (22-35) | 26 (20–30) |
| Poly unsaturated fatty acids | 14 (11-20) | 13 (10-19) | 15 (11-21) | 15 (11-20) |
| Sodiump | 2.1 (1.7–2.6) | 2.1 (1.7–2.7) | 2.2 (1.8–2.7) | 2.1 (1.7–2.6) |
| DHD15-index score | 79 ± 14 | 78 ± 14 | 79 ± 13 | 81 ± 13 |
Values are means ± SDs for normally distributed variables, medians (IQRs) for skewed variables, or n (%) for categorical variables unless otherwise indicated. DHD15-index, Dutch Healthy Diet 2015 index; MET, metabolic equivalent task.
Missing data for 4 patients. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2.
Missing data for 2 patients.
Missing data for 15 patients.
Missing data for 1 patient.
Missing data for 27 patients. Low activity is defined as ≤ 3 METs, intermediate activity as >3 METs on > 0 to <5 days per week, and high activity as >3 METs on ≥ days per week.
Missing data for 6 patients.
Missing data for 23 patients. Myocardial infarction was based on a verified clinical diagnosis <10 years before study enrolment.
Missing data for 195 patients. Defined as plasma glucose levels ≥ 6.1 and <7.0 mmol/L after at least 4 h of fasting.
Non-fasted, missing data for 60 patients.
Missing data for 4 patients.
Defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg.
Non-fasted, missing data for 198 patients.
Non-fasted, missing data for 76 patients.
Unadjusted for total energy intake.
Sodium intake was only estimated from foods, since discretionary salt use could not be assessed by means of the FFQ.