Table 2.
Participants' characteristics according to metabolic phenotype in men vs. women.
| Men | Women | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MHNO | MUNO | P–value | MHO | MUO | P–value | MHNO | MUNO | P–value | MHO | MUO | P–value | |
| n | 305 | 426 | 85 | 538 | 389 | 118 | 137 | 172 | ||||
| Age (years) | 51.8 (9.1) | 57.3 (10.2) | < 0.001 | 52.6 (9.1) | 56.7 (10.1) | 0.001 | 49.7 (7.1) | 53.6 (8.3) | < 0.001 | 51.2 (6.9) | 54.6 (9.5) | 0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 170.7 (5.0) | 169.1 (5.8) | < 0.001 | 172.8 (6.3) | 170.7 (5.8) | 0.002 | 159.0 (5.3) | 159.3 (5.2) | 0.631 | 159.3 (5.1) | 158.2 (5.8) | 0.077 |
| Body weight (kg) | 62.6 (5.7) | 63.0 (5.9) | 0.342 | 73.9 (6.9) | 75.7 (9.0) | 0.077 | 49.6 (5.1) | 51.3 (5.2) | 0.002 | 59 (5.7) | 61.8 (10.0) | 0.003 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.5 (1.6) | 22.0 (1.6) | < 0.001 | 24.8 (2.1) | 26.0 (2.6) | < 0.001 | 19.6 (1.7) | 20.2 (1.7) | 0.001 | 23.2 (1.9) | 24.7 (3.7) | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 77.2 (4.7) | 79.1 (4.3) | < 0.001 | 88.7 (4.1) | 91.7 (6.1) | < 0.001 | 71.2 (4.8) | 73.5 (4.2) | < 0.001 | 85.3 (4.6) | 87 (7.1) | 0.012 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 113.9 (8.7) | 136.0 (17.1) | < 0.001 | 116.0 (7.5) | 139.0 (18.4) | < 0.001 | 107.1 (10.9) | 132.7 (19.7) | < 0.001 | 111.7 (10.4) | 133.2 (20.0) | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 71.0 (6.6) | 84.4 (11.4) | < 0.001 | 73.6 (6.9) | 87.0 (11.8) | < 0.001 | 67.2 (7.8) | 83.0 (12.8) | < 0.001 | 70.7 (7.9) | 83.1 (11.0) | < 0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 22.8 (5.3) | 25.4 (10.7) | < 0.001 | 23.0 (5.9) | 26.5 (9.9) | 0.002 | 21.6 (6.5) | 22.5 (6.7) | 0.188 | 20.6 (6.0) | 23.3 (7.7) | 0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 21.0 (7.9) | 23.4 (11.1) | 0.001 | 24.3 (10.5) | 30.2 (17.9) | 0.003 | 17.3 (9.4) | 17.8 (6.8) | 0.625 | 18.2 (11.3) | 24.4 (14.6) | < 0.001 |
| γ-GTP (U/L) | 30.8 (21.7) | 45.9 (54.8) | < 0.001 | 42.0 (36.5) | 56.5 (56.3) | 0.022 | 21.7 (16.4) | 25.3 (20.8) | 0.049 | 24.2 (19.7) | 34.3 (31.0) | 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 73.2 (28.3) | 111.3 (102.1) | < 0.001 | 92.2 (29.0) | 145.3 (109.7) | < 0.001 | 61.9 (23.4) | 83.6 (59.4) | < 0.001 | 73.9 (22.8) | 109.3 (63.1) | < 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 68.4 (14.7) | 66.2 (17.1) | 0.063 | 59.1 (11.7) | 57.0 (13.4) | 0.171 | 80.4 (15.2) | 77.0 (17.2) | 0.042 | 71.5 (13.0) | 67.5 (16.3) | 0.020 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 121.5 (28.1) | 125 (29.9) | 0.103 | 130.9 (25.8) | 129.5 (29.9) | 0.672 | 117.0 (31.5) | 123.4 (32.8) | 0.055 | 133.6 (27.4) | 133.0 (34.6) | 0.882 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 88.9 (5.8) | 98.7 (15) | < 0.001 | 91.0 (4.9) | 101.1 (17.6) | < 0.001 | 86.3 (6.2) | 92.1 (8.9) | < 0.001 | 88.0 (5.9) | 96.8 (14.3) | < 0.001 |
| Fasting insulin (μU/mL) | 3.7 (1.7) | 5.0 (2.9) | < 0.001 | 6.0 (2.9) | 7.7 (4.4) | < 0.001 | 3.7 (1.7) | 4.6 (2.4) | < 0.001 | 4.9 (2.0) | 7.6 (4.7) | < 0.001 |
| HOMA–IR | 0.8 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.8) | < 0.001 | 1.3 (0.6) | 2.0 (1.3) | < 0.001 | 0.8 (0.4) | 1.1 (0.6) | < 0.001 | 1.1 (0.5) | 1.8 (1.3) | < 0.001 |
| MVPA (min/day) | 53.7 (54.9) | 58.5 (48.6) | 0.217 | 45.8 (36.7) | 49.5 (52.6) | 0.528 | 46.8 (56.8) | 51.2 (45.5) | 0.449 | 43.7 (55.2) | 40.7 (41.7) | 0.581 |
| Marital status (% married) | 83.3 | 91.1 | 0.001 | 91.8 | 87.0 | 0.214 | 76.3 | 80.5 | 0.345 | 85.4 | 80.2 | 0.235 |
| Educational status (% with college diploma) | 99.0 | 98.8 | 0.808 | 95.3 | 98.9 | 0.014 | 78.1 | 80.5 | 0.583 | 75.9 | 80.8 | 0.296 |
| Household income (% ≥5,000,000 JPY) | 82.0 | 79.6 | 0.421 | 81.2 | 77.5 | 0.448 | 79.4 | 73.7 | 0.189 | 80.3 | 72.1 | 0.095 |
| Smoking status | 0.001 | 0.310 | 0.614 | 0.320 | ||||||||
| Current smoker (%) | 6.6 | 7.3 | 8.2 | 13.8 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 3.5 | ||||
| Former smoker (%) | 33.4 | 48.6 | 42.4 | 42.9 | 13.6 | 10.2 | 13.1 | 18.6 | ||||
| Never–smoker (%) | 60.0 | 44.1 | 49.4 | 43.3 | 84.1 | 87.3 | 84.7 | 77.9 | ||||
| Hypertension (%) | 46.1 | 72.9 | 18.5 | 40.1 | ||||||||
| Hyperglycemia (%) | 23.5 | 37.2 | 4.7 | 18.8 | ||||||||
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 13.5 | 35.2 | 3.7 | 16.2 | ||||||||
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; γ-GTP, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MVPA, moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity. Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables and percentage for categorical variables.
P values were calculated using Student's t-test for continuous variables and the χ2 square test for categorical variables.
The level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.