Table 3.
Daily nutrient intake according to dietary pattern score quartile in men vs. women.
| Healthy dietary pattern | Alcohol dietary pattern | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q4 | P–value | Q1 | Q4 | P–value | ||
| Men | |||||||
| Energy intake (kcal) | 2070 (549) | 2066 (536) | 0.684 | 1993 (503) | 2086 (533) | 0.035 | |
| Protein (% energy) | 13.2 (1.9) | 18.8 (3.3) | <0.001 | 14.6 (1.8) | 15.9 (3.7) | < 0.001 | |
| Fat (% energy) | 24.1 (5.1) | 30.7 (6.6) | <0.001 | 28.9 (4.9) | 26.0 (6.1) | < 0.001 | |
| Carbohydrate (% energy) | 50.4 (9.3) | 45.9 (9.7) | <0.001 | 54.2 (5.9) | 42.1 (8.6) | < 0.001 | |
| Alcohol (% energy) | 10.7 (10) | 4.3 (5.3) | <0.001 | 1.6 (2.5) | 14.9 (9.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Saturated fatty acids (% energy) | 6.4 (1.8) | 8.0 (2.0) | <0.001 | 8.3 (1.9) | 6.5 (1.8) | < 0.001 | |
| n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (% energy) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.7 (0.5) | <0.001 | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.4) | < 0.001 | |
| n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (% energy) | 4.8 (1.0) | 5.9 (1.5) | <0.001 | 5.4 (1.0) | 5.2 (1.3) | 0.099 | |
| Sodium (mg/1,000 kcal) | 2154 (408) | 2534 (534) | <0.001 | 2205 (380) | 2396 (498) | < 0.001 | |
| Potassium (mg/1,000 kcal) | 1109 (192) | 2021 (335) | <0.001 | 1428 (335) | 1439 (403) | 0.956 | |
| Calcium (mg/1,000 kcal) | 223 (69) | 420 (104) | <0.001 | 310 (88) | 289 (112) | 0.005 | |
| Magnesium (mg/1,000 kcal) | 119 (18) | 186 (28) | <0.001 | 136 (25) | 149 (35) | < 0.001 | |
| Iron (mg/1,000 kcal) | 3.5 (0.6) | 5.9 (1.0) | <0.001 | 4.2 (0.9) | 4.6 (1.2) | < 0.001 | |
| Vitamin A (μg RAE/1,000 kcal)* | 348 (210) | 618 (248) | <0.001 | 390 (159) | 498 (286) | < 0.001 | |
| Vitamin D (μg/1,000 kcal) | 5.3 (2.5) | 10.7 (5.9) | <0.001 | 5.7 (2.6) | 8.8 (5.2) | < 0.001 | |
| Folate (μg/1,000 kcal) | 142 (33) | 284 (70) | <0.001 | 185 (56) | 198 (69) | 0.012 | |
| Vitamin C (mg/1,000 kcal) | 42.9 (16.7) | 99.3 (31.6) | <0.001 | 68.6 (30.8) | 58.1 (26.4) | < 0.001 | |
| Dietary fiber (g/1,000 kcal) | 4.9 (1.0) | 9.5 (2.2) | <0.001 | 6.7 (1.8) | 6.3 (2.1) | < 0.001 | |
| Women | |||||||
| Energy intake (kcal) | 1606 (464) | 1769 (465) | <0.001 | 1702 (471) | 1725 (481) | 0.640 | |
| Protein (% energy) | 13.0 (1.7) | 18.7 (3.1) | <0.001 | 15.3 (1.9) | 18.6 (5.3) | < 0.001 | |
| Fat (% energy) | 25.5 (5.5) | 31.3 (5.7) | <0.001 | 29.6 (4.3) | 29.2 (8.7) | 0.974 | |
| Carbohydrate (% energy) | 52.9 (9.4) | 47.4 (8.4) | <0.001 | 53.6 (5.4) | 39.7 (9.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Alcohol (% energy) | 7.1 (10.3) | 2.4 (4.5) | <0.001 | 1.0 (1.9) | 11.6 (10.7) | < 0.001 | |
| Saturated fatty acids (% energy) | 7.1 (2.0) | 8.4 (1.7) | <0.001 | 8.6 (1.6) | 7.5 (2.4) | < 0.001 | |
| n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (% energy) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.6 (0.4) | <0.001 | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.7 (0.5) | < 0.001 | |
| n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (% energy) | 4.8 (1.1) | 5.9 (1.3) | <0.001 | 5.4 (1.0) | 5.5 (1.9) | 0.034 | |
| Sodium (mg/1,000 kcal) | 2031 (381) | 2401 (497) | < 0.001 | 2129 (358) | 2547 (646) | < 0.001 | |
| Potassium (mg/1,000 kcal) | 1091 (172) | 2032 (348) | <0.001 | 1561 (370) | 1773 (561) | <0.001 | |
| Calcium (mg/1,000 kcal) | 229 (74) | 424 (100) | <0.001 | 337 (97) | 362 (149) | 0.006 | |
| Magnesium (mg/1,000 kcal) | 115 (17) | 185 (30) | <0.001 | 145 (28) | 174 (46) | < 0.001 | |
| Iron (mg/1,000 kcal) | 3.4 (0.6) | 5.9 (1.1) | <0.001 | 4.5 (0.9) | 5.4 (1.7) | < 0.001 | |
| Vitamin A (μg RAE/1,000 kcal)* | 311 (195) | 622 (259) | <0.001 | 427 (159) | 650 (465) | < 0.001 | |
| Vitamin D (μg/1,000 kcal) | 4.6 (3.1) | 10.1 (5.3) | <0.001 | 6.1 (3.2) | 11.3 (7.2) | < 0.001 | |
| Folate (μg/1,000 kcal) | 135 (33) | 288 (75) | <0.001 | 206 (64) | 245 (100) | < 0.001 | |
| Vitamin C (mg/1,000 kcal) | 39.5 (14) | 101.3 (30.4) | <0.001 | 76.6 (31.4) | 71.0 (32.9) | 0.327 | |
| Dietary fiber (g/1,000 kcal) | 5.0 (1.0) | 9.7 (2.1) | <0.001 | 7.5 (1.9) | 7.6 (3.0) | 0.113 | |
RAE, retinol activity equivalent.
Data are presented as mean (standard deviation).
P values were calculated using linear regression analysis.
The level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
*
1 μg RAE = retinol (μg) + β-carotene (μg) × 1/12 + α-carotene (μg) × 1/24 + β-cryptoxanthin (μg) × 1/24 + other provitamin A carotenoids (μg) × 1/24.