Table 1.

List of studies regarding underlying ICAD in acute LVOS, undertaking rescue angioplasty and/or stenting

Underlying ICAD criteria		Stent type	GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor	Antithrombotics	Arms	Number	Recanalization (%)	sICH (%)	mRS 0–2 at 3 mo (%)	Death at 3 mo (%)	Comments
Kim et al. (2012–2018/Korea/Retrospective/Single center) [13]
	Tapered shape occlusion	SES (Enterprise)	Used if determined necessary	Post: clopidogrel 300 mg+aspirin 300–500 mg	Direct stenting	30	93	0	80*	0	ICAS criteria somewhat vague
	Angiographic evidence after 1st microcatheter passage
	Leptomeningeal collateral flow well developed
	Angiographic finding after mechanical thrombectomy	-			Thrombectomy	73	90	4	47	11	Rescue stenting 41%
Wu et al. (2014–2017/China/Prospective/Nonrandomized/Multicenter) [14]
	Remnant stenosis >70% after mechanical thrombectomy	25 BAA, 51 BMS (Apollo), or 5 SES (Solitarire)	Used if determined necessary	Pre: clopidogrel 300 mg	Rescue AS	81	91	9	64	11	Immediate reocclusion 25% at baseline
				Post: clopidogrel 75 mg+aspirin 100 mg
		-	-	-	No rescue AS	32	74	13	53	16	Contrast extravasation 22% at baseline
Gross et al. (2004–2018/USA/Retrospective/Single center) [15]
	Angiographic finding after initial attempted thrombectomy	BMS (Minivision, Integrity, Driver, Taxus)	Intraprocedural eptifibatide loading	Post: aspirin+clopidogrel loading after CT/MRI	Rescue stenting	60	93	8	34	34	ICAS criteria not detailed
Feng et al. (China/Retrospective/Single center) [16]
	Angiographic finding after mechanical thrombectomy	SES (15 Solitaire, 27 Enterprise), and BMS (13 Apollo)	Intravenously maintained for 24–36 hours	Post: aspirin 300 mg+clopidogrel 300 mg	Rescue stenting	55	98	4	79(?)	21(?)	CTA and FU lost in many patients
Yang et al. (2014–2016/China/Retrospective/Multicenter) [17]
	Other major etiologies excluded	13 BAA, 16 SES, 4 BMS	Intravenously loaded and maintained for at least 24 hours if IV tPA not infused	Post: aspirin 300 mg+clopidogrel 300 mg if IV tPA not infused	Primary AS	33	79	9	70*	9	More favorable baseline characteristics
	Arterial calcific lesions
	Intracranial atherosclerosis elsewhere
	High risk factors of atherosclerosis
	Additionally, significant fixed focal stenosis after thrombectomy	-	-	-	Thrombectomy	269	86	12	48	20	Big difference in group size
Yoon et al. (2011–2013/Korea/Retrospective/Single center) [18]
	Remnant stenosis >70% after mechanical thrombectomy	14 BAA, 24 SES (Wingspan)	Not administered	Post: aspirin+clopidogrel	Rescue AS	38	95	8	63	16	Originally compared with non-ICAS group

ICAD, intracranial atherosclerotic disease; LVOS, large vessel occlusion stroke; GP, glycoprotein; sICH, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; SES, self-expanding stent; ICAS, intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis; BAA, balloon angioplasty alone; BMS, balloon-mounted stent; AS, angioplasty and/or stenting; CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; CTA, computed tomographic angiography; FU, follow-up; IV tPA, intravenous tissue plasminogen activator.