Table 1.
LncRNAs functioning in CRCSCs.
| LncRNAs | Function | CRCSCs subtype | Targets | Signaling pathway | effects | mechanism | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LINC00511 | Oncogene | Sox-2, Oct-4, CD44, Nanog | NFIA | LINC00511/miR-29c-3p/NFIA | Stemness, proliferation, metastasis | Post-transcriptional regulation | (54) | |
| PVT1-214 | Oncogene | Sphere formation | Lin28 | PVT1-214/miR-128/Lin28/let-7 | Stemness, proliferation, metastasis | Post-transcriptional regulation | (57) | |
| AC105461.1 | Suppressor | CD133, CD44 | DIS3L2 | AC105461.1/DIS3L2 | Inhibition of stemness | NA | (60) | |
| PVT1 | Oncogene | CD44+CD166−, CD44, CD166, CD133 | miR-1207-5p | Sox2/PVT1/miR-1207-5p | Stemness, incidence of ethnic differences | PVT1 is the host gene of miR-1207-5p, transcriptional regulation | (62) | |
| HOXD-AS1 | Oncogene | CD44, CD133, CD24, CD166, Oct4, LGR5, Sox2, Nanog | AEG-1, EZH2 | HOXD-AS1/miR−217/AEG-1, EZH2 | Stemness, proliferation, metastasis | Post-transcriptional regulation | (64) | |
| CASC21 | Oncogene | Sphere formation | HGH1 | Cytoplasm: CASC21/miR-485-5p/HGH1 | Stemness, proliferation, metastasis | Post-transcriptional regulation | (65) | |
| Nucleus: CASC21+POU5F1B/HGH1 | Transcriptional regulation | |||||||
| TMPO-AS1 | Oncogene | Oct4, Nanog, Sox2 | BCAT1 | TMPO-AS1/miR-98-5p/BCAT1 | Stemness, proliferation, apoptosis inhibition | Post-transcriptional regulation | (66) | |
| DPP10-AS1 | Suppressor | CD133+ cell sorting, CD44, LGR5, ALDH1 | ADCY1 | DPP10-AS1/miR-127-3p/ADCY1 | Inhibition of proliferation, migration, invasion; promotion of apoptosis of CRCSCs | Post-transcriptional regulation | (67) | |
| TPTEP1 | Oncogene | spheroid cells, Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, KLF4, Nanog | DDIT4, SULF1 | TPTEP1/miR-148b-3p/DDIT4, SULF1 | Stemness | Post-transcriptional regulation | (70) | |
| BCAR4 | Oncogene | ALDH+ cell sorting, Nanog, Oct4, Sox2, CD44, CD133, LGR5 | STAT3 | BCAR4/miR-665/STAT3 | Stemness | Post-transcriptional regulation | (71) | |
| MALAT1 | Oncogene | CD133, CD44, Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, Notch1 | Oct4 | MALAT1/miR-20b-5p/Oct4 | Stemness, cellular metabolism | Post-transcriptional regulation | (72) | |
| FARSA-AS1 | Oncogene | ALDH, CD133 | Sox9, FARSA | Sox9/FARSA-AS1/miR-18b-5p/Sox9 | Stemness, proliferation, metastasis | Post-transcriptional regulation | (73) | |
| FARSA-AS1/miR-28-5p/FARSA | ||||||||
| LINC01567 | Oncogene | CD133+/CD166+/CD44+ cell sorting, MSI1, Oct-4, Sox2, ABCG2 | MSI1 | LINC01567/miR-93/MSI1 | CRCSCs proliferation, metastasis | Post-transcriptional regulation | (75) | |
| XIST | Oncogene | Nanog, Oct-4, Sox2, CD24, CD44, CD133, CD155, CD166 | ZEB1 | XIST/miR-200b-3p/ZEB1 | Stemness, metastasis | Post-transcriptional regulation | (78) | |
| UICLM | Oncogene | Nanog, Oct-4, Sox2, Notch1, ABCG2, CD24, CD44, CD133, CD155, CD166 | ZEB2 | UICLM/miR-215/ZEB2 | Stemness, proliferation, liver metastasis | Post-transcriptional regulation | (79) | |
| LINC00657 | Oncogene | CD133+CD44+ cell sorting | ZEB1, ZEB2, Snail2 | LINC00657/miR-203a/ZEB1, ZEB2, Snail2 | CRCSCs invasion | Post-transcriptional regulation | (80) | |
| HIF2PUT | Oncogene | Oct4, Sox2, CD44 | HIF-2α | HIF2PUT/HIF-2α | Stemness | NA | (84) | |
| AK000053 | Oncogene | Nanog, c-Myc, SALL4, BMI1 | CDH1, ZEB1, SALL4, BMI1 | Hypoxia-inducible AK000053/miR-508/CDH1, ZEB1, SALL4, BMI1 | Stemness, metastasis | Post-transcriptional regulation | (85) | |
| LINC01106 | Oncogene | Nanog, Oct4 | Gli1, Gli2, Gli4 | Cytoplasm: LINC01106/miR-449b-5p/Gli4 | Stemness, proliferation, migration | Post-transcriptional regulation | (90) | |
| Nucleus: Gli2/LINC01106+FUS/Gli1, Gli2 | Transcriptional regulation | |||||||
| CCAT2 | Oncogene | CD44, Sox2 | miR-145 | CCAT2+pre-miR-145 | Stemness | NA | (93) | |
| NEAT1 | Oncogene | ALDH1, c-Myc, CD133, Sox2, Nanog, Oct4 | ALDH1, c-Myc | NEAT1/acetylation of histones in the promoter region of ALDH1, c-Myc | Stemness, 5-Fu resistance | Histone modification regulation | (94) | |
| HOTAIR | Oncogene | CD133+ cell sorting | FLT-1 | HOTAIR/miR-211-5p/FLT-1 | CRCSCs proliferation, metastasis | Post-transcriptional regulation | (95, 96) | |
| Hotair | Oncogene | LGR5, c-Myc | NA | NF-κB/circulating Hotair in the form of exosomes/Wnt pathway | Intestinal stem and/or progenitor cells proliferation | NA | (97) | |
| HotairM1 | Suppressor | CD133+CD44+ cell sorting, Oct4, Sox2, Nanog | HOXA1 | HotairM1/PRC2 complex/HOXA1/Nanog | Inhibition of self-renewal in CRC and uveal melanoma CSCs | Histone modification regulation | (98) | |
| Lnc34a | Oncogene | CD133+CD44+ALDH1+ cell sorting | Notch1 | Lnc34a/HDAC1+DNMT3a/miR-34a/Notch1 | Initiation of asymmetric division of CRCSCs | DNA methylation, histone modification regulation | (99) | |
| B4GALT1-AS1 | Oncogene | ALDH1, Nanog, CD110, LGR5, CD44, CD133, EpCAM | YAP | B4GALT1-AS1+YAP | Stemness, metastasis | Transcriptional regulation | (100) | |
| LncGata6 | Oncogene | LGR5+ ISCs cell sorting | Ehf | LncGata6+NURF complex/Ehf/LGR4/5 | Stemness of intestinal stem cells, intestinal tumorigenesis | Transcriptional regulation | (101) | |
| WiNTRLINC1 | Oncogene | ASCL2 | ASCL2 | ASCL2/WiNTRLINC1+β-catenin-TCF4/ASCL2 | Stemness, proliferation, apoptosis inhibition | Transcriptional regulation | (102) | |
| RBM5-AS1(LUST) | Oncogene | CD24+CD44+ cell sorting, CD133, CD166, ALDH1A1 | SGK1, YAP1, MYC | RBM5-AS1(LUST)+β-catenin-TCF4/SGK1, YAP1, MYC | Stemness | Transcriptional regulation | (103) | |
| lncRNA-ATB | Oncogene | Sphere formation | β-catenin | lncRNA-ATB/β-catenin | Stemness | Transcriptional regulation | (104) | |
| lincRNA-p21 | Suppressor | ALDH+ cell sorting, EpCAM, CD44, LGR5, Nanog, Oct4 | β-catenin | miR-451/lincRNA-p21/β-catenin/PDK1/PDH | Inhibition of CRCSCs and their aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) | Transcriptional regulation | (105) | |
| LINC00525 | Oncogene | CD44, Sox2, Oct4 | ELK3 | LINC00525/miR-507/ELK3 | Stemness, oxaliplatin resistance | Post-transcriptional regulation | (106) | |
| CRART16 | Oncogene | CD133, CD44 | ERBB3 | CRART16/miR-371a-5p/ERBB3 | Stemness, Cetuximab resistance | Post-transcriptional regulation | (107) | |
| Linc00346 | Oncogene | Sphere formation | WBSCR22 | Linc00346/miR-509-5p/WBSCR22 | Stemness, 5-Fu resistance | Post-transcriptional regulation | (108) | |
| H19 | Oncogene | ALDH1, Nanog, Oct4, Sox2, CD44, CD133 | β-catenin | Exosomal H19/miR-141/β-catenin | Stemness, oxaliplatin resistance | Post-transcriptional regulation | (109) | |
| TINCR | Oncogene | Oct4, Sox2 | TCF4 | TINCR/miR-137/TCF4 | Radiotherapy resistance | Post-transcriptional regulation | (110) | |
| LincRNA-ROR | Oncogene | CD133+CD44+ cell sorting, Oct4, Sox2, Nanog | Oct4, Sox2, Nanog | LincRNA-ROR/miR-145/Oct4, Sox2, Nanog | Stemness, proliferation, cisplatin, paclitaxel resistance | Post-transcriptional regulation | (111) | |
| MIR600HG | Suppressor | ALDH1A3, Sox2, CD44 | ALDH1A3 | MIR6S00HG/ALDH1A3 | Inhibition of stemness, metastasis, oxaliplatin resistance | Post-transcriptional regulation | (112) | |
| Translation regulation | ||||||||
| FENDRR | Suppressor | spheroid cells, ALDH, Oct4, Sox2, KLF4 | Sox2 | FENDRR/Sox2 | Inhibition of stemness, 5-Fu resistance | Post-transcriptional regulation | (113) | |
| regulation | Translation regulation | Translation regulation | ||||||
| GAS5 | Oncogene | spheroid cells, Oct4, Sox2 | NODAL | GAS5/NODAL pathway | Stemness, 5-Fu, adriamycin resistance | NA | (114) | |
| LncRNA-cCSC1 | Oncogene | CD133+CD44+ cell sorting | Hedgehog pathway | LncRNA-cCSC1/Hedgehog pathway | Stemness, 5-Fu resistance | NA | (115) | |
| Lnc273-31 and lnc273-34 | Oncogene | spheroid cells, Sox2, Oct4, Nanog, ALDH | Snail, ZEB1 | P53-R273H mutation/lnc273-31, lnc273-34/Snail, ZEB1 | Stemness, metastasis, oxaliplatin resistance | NA | (116) | |
NA, data not available.