Figure 1. Association of COVID-19 Pandemic Impact With Economic Disadvantage and Household Environment.

Our analysis identified cross-associations between an array of family characteristics at baseline (ie, household composite score) and subsequent COVID-19–associated experience during the pandemic (ie, COVID-19 impact scores). A, Across individual families, household environment was positively associated with COVID-19 impact composite scores of the primary mode. Modeling results are displayed in a hexagonal binning plot: scale bar reflects the number of families with the same baseline COVID-19 association. B, Household environment variable loadings from the main baseline COVID-19 association indicate a strong positive association with household economic disadvantage. The bar plot reflects the top-ranked household characteristics in families with high mode 1 expression (orange indicates positive associations; blue, negative associations). C, High COVID-19 impact is robustly linked to both lower family income (left) and increased neighborhood poverty (percentage of people below poverty level in a given community; right). For complete variable definitions, see eTables 2 and 3 in the Supplement.