Table 1.

The effects of essential amino acids on energy balance.

Diet	The effects on energy balance	Studies
His deprivation	Chow diet BW and fat mass↓	[8]
Ile deprivation	Chow diet BW and fat mass↓ Food intake↓ Energy expenditure↑ BAT UCP1↑	[10]
Leu deprivation	Chow diet BW and fat mass↓ Food intake↓ Energy expenditure↑ WAT lipolysis and browning↑ BAT UCP1↑	[9,40,63]
Lys deprivation	Chow diet BW and abdominal fat↓ Food intake↓ Energy expenditure↑	[12]
Met deprivation	Chow diet or high-fat, high-sucrose diet BW and fat mass↓ Energy expenditure↑	[11,12]
Phe deprivaiton	Chow diet BW and fat mass↓ Food intake↓ Energy expenditure↑	[12]
Thr deprivation	Chow diet BW and fat mass↓ Food intake↓ Energy expenditure↑	[12]
Trp deprivation	Chow diet BW and fat mass↓ Food intake↓ Energy expenditure↑	[8,12]
Val deprivation	Chow diet BW and fat mass↓ Food intake↓ Energy expenditure↑ BAT UCP1↑	[10,13]
Ile restriction	Chow diet or high-fat, high-sucrose diet BW and fat mass↓ Food intake↑ Energy expenditure↑ WAT browning↑	[4]
Leu restriction	Chow diet BW and fat mass↓	[[29], [30], [31]]
Met restriction	Chow diet or high-fat diet: BW and fat mass↓ Food intake↑ Energy expenditure↑ WAT lipogenesis and lipolysis↑ BAT UCP1↑	[[18], [19], [20],26,29,34,35]
Thr restriction	Chow diet BW and fat mass↓ Food intake↑ Energy expenditure↑	[6]
Val restriction	High-fat, high-sucrose diet BW and fat mass↓ Food intake↑ Energy expenditure↑	[4]
His supplementation	Chow diet or high-fat diet BW and fat mass↓ Food intake↓	[108,109]
Ile supplementation	High-fat diet BW and fat mass↓ Food intake— WAT browning↑	[114,119]
Leu supplementation	High-fat diet BW and fat mass↓ Food intake— Energy expenditure↑ WAT browning↑	[2,114,116,117]
Lys supplementation	Chow diet BW and food intake↓	[106,107]
Phe supplementation	High-fat diet BW and food intake↓	[110]
Thr supplementation	High-fat diet BW and fat mass↓ Food intake— BAT UCP1↑	[111]