Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of the cohort for wave 1 (n=838) and wave 2 (n=1503) admissions
| Missing | Wave 1 n (%) |
Wave 2 n (%) |
Wave 1 Median (IQR) |
Wave 2 Median (IQR) |
P value | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 0 | 62.0 (49.0–78.0) | 60.0 (47.0–74.0) | 0.019 | ||
| Male | 0 | 488 (58.2) | 792 (52.7) | 0.011 | ||
| Ethnicity | 0 | 0.013 | ||||
| White | 331 (39.5) | 598 (39.8) | ||||
| Asian | 64 (7.6) | 121 (8.1) | ||||
| Black–African | 177 (21.1) | 262 (17.4) | ||||
| Black–Caribbean | 73 (8.7) | 98 (6.5) | ||||
| Mixed | 15 (1.8) | 18 (1.2) | ||||
| Other | 45 (5.4) | 107 (7.1) | ||||
| Unknown | 133 (15.9) | 299 (19.9) | ||||
| BMI | 577 | 27.0 (23.8–31.7) | 27.7 (24.0–32.9) | 0.022 | ||
| >30 | 206 (24.6) | 438 (29.1) | 0.02 | |||
| >40 | 34 (4.1) | 86 (5.7) | 0.098 | |||
| Physiological parameters | ||||||
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 360 | 84.0 (75.0–94.0) | 81.0 (72.0–91.0) | <0.001 | ||
| >100 | 105 (12.5) | 142 (9.4) | 0.02 | |||
| Blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||||
| Systolic | 369 | 125.0 (113.0–139.0) | 127.0 (115.0–141.0) | 0.013 | ||
| Diastolic | 369 | 73.0 (65.0–80.0) | 75.0 (68.0–82.0) | <0.001 | ||
| MAP | 369 | 90.7 (82.2–99.0) | 92.3 (84.7–101.3) | <0.001 | ||
| Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 359 | 19.0 (18.0,22.0) | 19.0 (18.0–22.0) | 0.764 | ||
| >20 | 200 (23.9) | 365 (24.3) | 0.86 | |||
| Hypoxia | 658 | 370 (64.3) | 726 (65.5) | 0.67 | ||
| Temperature (°C) | 361 | 36.9 (36.4–37.5) | 36.6 (36.2–37.2) | <0.001 | ||
| NEWS2 | 405 | 0.86 | ||||
| 0 | 95 (11.3) | 173 (11.5) | ||||
| 1 | 108 (12.9) | 192 (12.8) | ||||
| 2 | 117 (14.0) | 188 (12.5) | ||||
| >2 | 371 (44.3) | 692 (46.0) | ||||
| Laboratory parameters | ||||||
| Neutrophils (×109 /L) | 8 | 4.9 (3.4–7.6) | 5.0 (3.3–7.5) | 0.724 | ||
| Lymphocytes (×109 /L) | 7 | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | 0.741 | ||
| NLR | 8 | 5.4 (3.1–9.9) | 5.4 (3.2–9.8) | 0.951 | ||
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 43 | 83.0 (64.0–115.0) | 86.0 (68.0–117.0) | 0.065 | ||
| Urea (mmol/L) | 855 | 7.0 (4.6–12.2) | 6.0 (4.3–9.9) | 0.001 | ||
| Estimated GFR (mL/min) | 114 | 73.0 (48.0–98.0) | 69.0 (48.0–89.0) | 0.001 | ||
| Albumin (g/L) | 185 | 37.0 (32.0–40.0) | 38.0 (34.0–41.0) | <0.001 | ||
| CRP (mg/L) | 61 | 74.5 (26.0–148.0) | 51.0 (18.0–103.8) | <0.001 | ||
| D-dimer (mg/L FEU) | 1297 | 1.1 (0.6–3.0) | 0.9 (0.5–2.2) | 0.001 | ||
| Ferritin (μg/L) | 905 | 855.0 (394.0–1533.5) | 699.0 (342.0–1359.0) | 0.05 | ||
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Stroke | 0 | 72 (8.6) | 64 (4.3) | <0.001 | ||
| TIA | 0 | 9 (1.1) | 20 (1.3) | 0.731 | ||
| Hypertension | 0 | 288 (34.4) | 464 (30.9) | 0.091 | ||
| Diabetes | 0 | 246 (29.4) | 384 (25.5) | 0.052 | ||
| AF | 0 | 63 (7.5) | 115 (7.7) | 0.972 | ||
| IHD | 0 | 146 (17.4) | 244 (16.2) | 0.495 | ||
| Heart failure | 0 | 54 (6.4) | 105 (7.0) | 0.679 | ||
| COPD | 0 | 64 (7.6) | 109 (7.3) | 0.796 | ||
| Asthma | 0 | 74 (8.8) | 138 (9.2) | 0.835 | ||
| Cancer | 0 | 60 (7.2) | 72 (4.8) | 0.022 | ||
| Kidney disease | 0 | 112 (13.4) | 181 (12.0) | 0.389 | ||
| HIV | 0 | 21 (2.5) | 36 (2.4) | 0.979 | ||
| Solid organ transplant | 0 | 24 (2.9) | 49 (3.3) | 0.686 | ||
| Frailty | 0 | 191 (22.8) | 173 (11.5) | <0.001 | ||
P value was from Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables.
AF, atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C reactive protein; FEU, fibrinogen equivalent units; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; MAP, mean arterial pressure; NEWS2, National Early Warning Score 2; NLR, neutrophil and lymphocyte ratio; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.