Fig. 5.

Changes in cluster-root morphology of white lupin upon addition of different flavonoids. Plants grown in 0 μm P (−P) nutrient solution were treated with a mock solution or with 10 μm flavonoid (kaempferol, naringenin or quercetin) for 14 d. (A) Scanning image of one cluster of rootlets in each treatment. (B) Cluster rootlet density and (C) cluster rootlet length of roots after mock or flavonoid treatment. CK, control (mock treatment); Kae, kaempferol; Nar, naringenin; Que, quercetin. Lowercase letters denote significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05). Significant difference was based on four biological replicates. The bars on the graphs are standard errors.