Figure 1.

(A) Schematic showing the disused in vitro models for atherosclerosis studies in the review. (B–G) Examples of data regarding different in vitro models covered in the review: (B) Endothelial cells (ECs) (top) and Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) (bottom) stained with EC and SMC phenotype markers in 2D transwell model. (C) 2D cell sheet (left) that expresses fibronectin (right). (D) 3D microfluidic vessel on a chip (left) made of green fluorescence protein-expressing human umbilical vein endothelial cells (right). (E) SMC spheroid (top) and EC/SMC spheroid (bottom). (F) 3D SMC laden hydrogel constructs (left) and stained with SMA-α (right, green). (G) 3D tissue-engineered blood vessels (left) and stained with monocytes and LDL (right). Adapted, with permission from (16) (B), (17) (C), (18) (D), (19) (E), (20) (F), and (21) (G).