Table 1.
Basic characteristics of population included
| Characteristics | CN- | CN+ | MCI- | MCI+ | AD+ | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 168 | 123 | 217 | 403 | 196 | |
| Age (years) | 73.41 ± 5.82 | 75.34 ± 5.89 | 70.78 ± 8.01 | 73.21 ± 7.14 | 74.35 ± 8.00 | < 0.001 |
| Female gender (%) | 81 (48.21) | 65 (52.85) | 94 (43.32) | 163 (40.45) | 83 (42.35) | 0.114 |
| Education (years) | 16.40 ± 2.65 | 16.17 ± 2.66 | 16.15 ± 2.69 | 16.01 ± 2.81 | 15.47 ± 2.97 | 0.042 |
| APOE ε4 carriers (%) | 22 (13.10) | 54 (43.90) | 44 (20.28) | 263 (65.26) | 148 (75.51) | < 0.001 |
| Biomarkers | ||||||
| CSF Aβ (pg/ml) | 237.65 ± 25.07 | 147.55 ± 25.88 | 234.05 ± 25.86 | 138.18 ± 24.93 | 129.95 ± 22.01 | < 0.001 |
| CSF P-tau (pg/ml) | 26.27 ± 12.25 | 35.48 ± 18.43 | 24.81 ± 11.64 | 45.09 ± 19.58 | 47.02 ± 18.95 | < 0.001 |
| CSF T-tau (pg/ml) | 59.76 ± 23.74 | 75.96 ± 37.86 | 57.00 ± 25.10 | 103.7 ± 48.62 | 122.39 ± 49.86 | < 0.001 |
| FDG-PET | 1.33 ± 0.12 | 1.30 ± 0.13 | 1.30 ± 0.11 | 1.22 ± 0.13 | 1.06 ± 0.13 | < 0.001 |
| Cognitive scores | ||||||
| MMSE | 29.01 ± 1.25 | 29.04 ± 1.14 | 28.27 ± 1.60 | 27.41 ± 1.86 | 23.24 ± 1.95 | < 0.001 |
| CDRSB | 0.03 ± 0.12 | 0.03 ± 0.14 | 1.25 ± 0.76 | 1.61 ± 0.92 | 4.49 ± 1.60 | < 0.001 |
| ADAS | 9.09 ± 4.38 | 9.74 ± 4.38 | 12.93 ± 5.84 | 17.41 ± 6.79 | 30.43 ± 8.20 | < 0.001 |
| MEM | 1.16 ± 0.53 | 0.95 + 0.59 | 0.48 ± 0.69 | -0.06 ± 0.56 | -0.87 ± 0.50 | < 0.001 |
| EF | 0.94 ± 0.79 | 0.54 ± 0.73 | 0.53 ± 0.89 | 0.01 ± 0.82 | -0.91 ± 0.87 | < 0.001 |
| Brain structure | ||||||
| HV (mm3) | 7446.36 ± 908.34 | 7363.18 ± 785.76 | 7293.58 ± 1154.07 | 6633.39 ± 1058.85 | 5854.03 ± 1013.51 | < 0.001 |
| EC thickness (mm) | 3845.57 ± 635.32 | 3855.90 ± 547.01 | 3737.91 ± 684.43 | 3454.81 ± 733.31 | 2833.39 ± 661.89 | < 0.001 |
| Ventricular volume (mm3) | 30620.87 ± 15303.06 | 37625.13 ± 19034.18 | 34734.47 ± 19635.79 | 40983.89 ± 21601.68 | 47828.71 ± 21097.12 | < 0.001 |
| Peripheral immune cells | ||||||
| NEU (× 103/μL) | 3.77 ± 1.89 | 4.01 ± 1.17 | 3.87 ± 1.08 | 4.10 ± 1.19 | 4.28 ± 1.20 | < 0.001 |
| LYM (×103/μL) | 1.89 ± 0.53 | 1.74 ± 0.47 | 1.87 ± 0.58 | 1.71 ± 0.53 | 1.70 ± 0.52 | < 0.001 |
| NLR (×103/μL) | 2.14 ± 0.93 | 2.41 ± 0.89 | 2.23 ± 0.92 | 2.50 ± 0.96 | 2.71 ± 1.06 | < 0.001 |
Abbreviations: CN cognitively normal, MCI mild cognitive impairment, AD Alzheimer’s disease, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, Aβ β-amyloid, P-tau phosphorylated-tau, T-tau total tau, FDG-PET 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography, MMSE Mini-Mental State, CDRSB Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes, ADAS Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale, MEM memory function, EF executive function, HV hippocampal volume, EC entorhinal cortex, NEU neutrophils, LYM lymphocytes, NLR neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio; values are mean ± standard deviation (SD), or n (% of the group)