Table 4.
Descriptive analyses of our variables of interest and pre-versus post-intervention comparison.
| Control Group (n = 68) |
Intervention Group (n = 46) |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T0 |
T1 |
W | p | rrb [95% CI] | T1 |
T2 |
W | p | rrb [95% CI] | |||||
| M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | |||||||
| Age in years | 20.06 | (3.1) | 22.76 | (8.02) | ||||||||||
| Clinical issues | ||||||||||||||
| Anxiety | 9.49 | (4.14) | 9.57 | (4.28) | 815.5 | .60 | -.08 [-.36, .21] | 10.02 | (3.88) | 8.74 | (3.86) | 552.5 | .01 | 0.49 [.17, .72] |
| Depression | 11.49 | (4.23) | 11.75 | (4.25) | 653 | .32 | -.15 [-.43, .15] | 10.7 | (4.79) | 9.7 | (5.39) | 558.5 | .18 | 0.24 [-.11, .53] |
| Academic burnout | 2.83 | (1.09) | 3.01 | (1.14) | 341.5 | .02 | -.40 [-.63, −.09] | 2.67 | (1.01) | 2.71 | (1.05) | 118.5 | .81 | −0.06 [-.49, .39] |
| Exhaustion | 3.30 | (1.51) | 3.58 | (1.61) | 641.5 | .02 | -.34 [-.57, −.07] | 3.35 | (1.40) | 3.28 | (1.58) | 461.5 | .70 | 0.07 [-.27, .40] |
| Academic efficacy | 2.86 | (1.22) | 2.77 | (1.21) | 1037 | .51 | .10 [-.19, .37] | 2.56 | (1.22) | 2.55 | (1.19) | 522 | .96 | 0.01 [-.32, .33] |
| Cynicism | 2.33 | (1.44) | 2.62 | (1.43) | 691.5 | .10 | -.24 [-.49, .04] | 2.13 | (1.44) | 2.29 | (1.44) | 382 | .71 | −0.07 [-.40, .28] |
| Learned helplessness | 25.63 | (8.28) | 25.57 | (8.60) | 538 | .98 | -.01 [-.32, .32] | 26.7 | (8.35) | 24.78 | (8.21) | 190.5 | .04 | 0.51 [.08, .76] |
| Coping | ||||||||||||||
| Active coping | 4.47 | (1.57) | 4.63 | (1.41) | 407 | .42 | -.14 [-.45, .20] | 4.67 | (1.66) | 5.11 | (1.58) | 165 | .06 | −0.38 (−.66, 0] |
| Planning | 4.93 | (1.80) | 4.91 | (1.47) | 469.5 | .99 | .003 [-.32, .33] | 5.24 | (1.55) | 5.28 | (1.68) | 275.5 | .93 | −0.02 [-.39, .36] |
| Using instrumental support | 4.04 | (1.63) | 4.16 | (1.80) | 308.5 | .36 | -.17 [-.49, .19] | 4.89 | (1.73) | 4.91 | (1.64) | 309.5 | .84 | 0.04 [-.33, .40] |
| Using emotional support | 4.16 | (1.68) | 4.27 | (1.74) | 403 | .72 | -.06 [-.39, .28] | 5.17 | (1.76) | 4.83 | (1.98) | 318 | .31 | 0.21 [-.19, .54] |
| Venting | 4.16 | (1.67) | 4.31 | (1.67) | 44.5 | .38 | -.15 [-.45, .18] | 5.02 | (1.77) | 5.26 | (1.79) | 249.5 | .28 | −0.21 [-.53, .17] |
| Positive reframing | 4.56 | (1.90) | 4.59 | (1.96) | 523.5 | .95 | .01 [-.31, .33] | 4.89 | (1.51) | 5.26 | (1.57) | 285.5 | .14 | −0.27 [-.56, .09] |
| Humor | 3.21 | (1.57) | 3.18 | (1.49) | 269.5 | .92 | .02 [-.36, .39] | 2.87 | (1.33) | 3.24 | (1.66) | 34.5 | .04 | −0.55 [.82, .08] |
| Acceptance | 5.63 | (1.53) | 5.4 | (1.58) | 642.5 | .15 | .24 [-.09, .52] | 4.96 | (1.63) | 5.22 | (1.76) | 230 | .16 | −0.27 [-.58, .10] |
| Religion | 2.50 | (1.11) | 2.47 | (1.06) | 44.5 | .69 | .14 [-.46, .65] | 3.28 | (1.72) | 3.46 | (1.81) | 70 | .31 | −0.26 [-.65, .24] |
| Behavioral disengagement | 3.49 | (1.52) | 3.52 | (1.36) | 406 | .96 | -.01 [-.35, .33] | 3.17 | (1.54) | 3 | (1.41) | 264 | .30 | 0.21 [-.20, .56] |
| Self-blame | 4.53 | (1.47) | 4.54 | (1.60) | 389 | .99 | -.003 [-.35, .34] | 4.85 | (1.63) | 4.7 | (1.58) | 389.5 | .56 | 0.11 [-.26, .45] |
| Self-distraction | 5.09 | (1.72) | 5.02 | (1.72) | 704.5 | .69 | .06 [-.25, .36] | 5.3 | (1.46) | 5.22 | (1.49) | 312.5 | .80 | 0.05 [-.32, .41] |
| Denial | 2.59 | (1.04) | 2.47 | (0.94) | 175 | .47 | .17 [-.28, .56] | 3.22 | (1.71) | 3.04 | (1.46) | 125 | .46 | 0.19 [-.30, .60] |
| Substance use | 2.25 | (0.74) | 2.57 | (1.40) | 9.5 | .02 | -.76 [-.93, −.33] | 2.59 | (1.34) | 2.41 | (1.22) | 51.5 | .34 | 0.32 [-.30, .75] |