Table 1.
Summary of environmental factors, associated diseases, and corresponding references.
| Environmental Factor | Associated Disease | Reference and Number |
|---|---|---|
| Crystalline silica | RA, SLE, SSc, UC | Pollard et al. [55] |
| Smoking | RA, SLE, MS, TA, IBD | Pollard et al. [56] |
| Solvents | SSc, MS | Miller et al. [57] |
| Cosmetics | RA, SLE, PBC | Pollard et al. [58] |
| Mercury | TA | Gallagher et al. [70] |
| Somers et al. [71] | ||
| Mercury | Nephrotic syndrome | Miller et al. [72] |
| Food coloring | Rising incidence of autoimmune | Lerner and Matthias [33] |
| disease | ||
| Food coloring | ADD | Carter [95] |
| ADHD | Boris and Mandel [96] | |
| Hypersensitivity | Weliky and Heiner [103] | |
| Wheat gluten and nongluten | CD | Arentz-Hansen et al. [120] |
| proteins and peptides | NCGS, Crohn’s disease | Vojdani [126] |
| Autoimmune thyroid disease | Counsell et al. [129] | |
| Osteoporosis | Sugai et al. [131] | |
| Autoimmune myocarditis | Frustaci et al. [132] | |
| Dermatitis herpetiformis | Sárdy et al. [133] | |
| Gluten ataxia | Hadjivassiliou et al. [135] | |
| Choreic syndrome | Pereira et al. [137] | |
| MS | Shor et al. [141] | |
| NMO | Jacob et al. [142] | |
| Alzheimer’s disease | Vojdani [28] | |
| Vojdani and Vojdani [29] | ||
| Milk, caseins, alpha and beta | Type 1 diabetes | Virtanen et al. [149] |
| lactalbumin | EAE | Stefferl et al. [151] |
| Autism | Vojdani et al. [152] | |
| MS | Guggenmos et al. [153] | |
| SLE | Riemekasten et al. [154] | |
| Uveitis | Wildner and Diedrichs- | |
| Môhring | ||
| Alzheimer’s disease | Vojdani [28] | |
| Vojdani and Vojdani [29] | ||
| Aquaporins from human, | NMO | Jarius and Wildemann [170] |
| tomato, corn, soy, spinach | Vaishnav et al. [171] | |
| MS | Vojdani et al. [174] | |
| α-synuclein-containing food | PD | Hawkes et al. [187] Vojdani et al. [189] |
| Lectins and agglutinins | Autoimmune diseases | Vojdani [26] |
| Vojdani et al. [27] |
RA = rheumatoid arthritis; SLE = systemic lupus erythematosus; SSc = systemic sclerosis; UC = ulcerative colitis; MS = multiple sclerosis; TA = thyroid autoimmunity; IBD = inflammatory bowel disease; PBC = primary biliary cholangitis; ADD = attention deficit disorder; ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CD = celiac disease; NCGS = nonceliac gluten sensitivity; NMO = neuromyelitis optica; EAE = experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; PD = Parkinson’s disease.