Table 1. Vertebrate species with a direct estimate of the mutation rate using a pedigree approach.
The list of species includes 10 primates, 5 nonprimate mammals, 1 bird, and 4 fish (see Supplementary file 1b for differences in study design and methodology).
| Species | Mutation rate per site per generation: µ × 10–8 | Number of trios | Parental age* | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Orangutan (Pongo abelii) | 1.66 | 1 | ♂: 31.00 and ♀: 15.00 | Besenbacher et al., 2019 |
| Human (Homo sapiens) | 1.17 0.97 1.20 1.20 1.28 1.05 1.29 1.28 1.30 1.10 1.22 |
1 (CEU) 1 (YRI) 78 269 13 719 1550 150 516 593 1449 |
Unspecified Unspecified ♂: 29.10 and ♀: 26.50 Unspecified ♂: 29.80 ♂: 33.40 Unspecified ~27.70 ♂: 33.40 ♂: 29.10 and ♀: 26.00 ♂: 29.70 and ♀: 26.90 |
Conrad et al., 2011
Conrad et al., 2011 Kong et al., 2012 Francioli et al., 2015 Rahbari et al., 2016 Wong et al., 2016 Jónsson et al., 2017 Maretty et al., 2017 Turner et al., 2017 Sasani et al., 2019 Kessler et al., 2020 |
| Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) | 1.20 1.48 1.26 |
6 1 7 |
♂: 18.90 and ♀: 15.00 ♂: 24.00 and ♀: 24.00 ♂: 19.30 and ♀: 15.90 |
Venn et al., 2014
Tatsumoto et al., 2017 Besenbacher et al., 2019 |
| Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) | 1.13 | 2 | ♂: 14.50 and ♀: 20.50 | Besenbacher et al., 2019 |
| Baboon (Papio anubis) | 0.57 | 12 | ♂: 10.70 and ♀: 10.20 | Wu et al., 2020 |
| Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) | 0.58 0.77 |
14 19 |
♂: 7.80 and ♀: 7.10 ♂: 12.40 and ♀: 8.40 |
Wang et al., 2020
Bergeron et al., 2021a |
| Green monkey (Chlorocebus sabaeus) | 0.94 | 3 | ♂: 8.70 and ♀: 4.70 | Pfeifer, 2017 |
| Owl monkey (Aotus nancymaae) | 0.81 | 14 | ♂: 6.60 and ♀: 6.50 | Thomas et al., 2018 |
| Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) | 0.43 | 1 | ~2.80 | Yang et al., 2021 |
| Gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) | 1.52 | 2 | ♂: 4.55 and ♀: 1.45 | Campbell et al., 2021 |
| Mouse (Mus musculus) | 0.57 0.39 |
8 15 |
Unspecified ~0.47 |
Milholland et al., 2017
Lindsay et al., 2019 |
| Cattle (Bos taurus) | 1.17 | 5 | Unspecified | Harland et al., 2017 |
| Wolf (Canis lupus) | 0.45 | 4 | ♂: 4.00 and ♀: 2.25 | Koch et al., 2019 |
| Domestic cat (Felis catus) | 0.86 | 11 | ♂: 4.70 and ♀: 2.90 | Wang et al., 2021b |
| Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) | 0.70 | 2 | Unspecified | Martin et al., 2018 |
| Collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis) | 0.46 | 7 | Unspecified | Smeds et al., 2016 |
| Herring (Clupea harengus) | 0.20 | 12 | Unspecified | Feng et al., 2017 |
| Cichlid (Astatotilapia calliptera, Aulonocara stuartgranti, and Lethrinops lethrinus) | 0.35 | 9 | Unspecified | Malinsky et al., 2018 |
*
Depending on the study, the parental ages are reported as average paternal age (♂), average maternal age (♀), average parental age (~), or unspecified.