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. 2022 Jan 27;12:814573. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.814573

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Copyright © 2022 Jousmäki.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A 4-channel movement actuator system based on PAMs. Similar PAMs were used in studies using computer-controlled PAM stimulator. Note that the uppermost artificial muscle is contracting due to compressed air pulse applied on the muscle and the muscle is relaxed when it is depressurized. The maximum movement range of the muscle in the figure is about 10 mm, that is, 20% of the original length.