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. 2022 Feb 10:1–24. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s13399-022-02352-0

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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Fig. 2 — Flow chart diagram of slaughtering process and the waste generation. (The cattle and pig images were obtained from [36, 37]