Table 1.

Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria

Inclusion criteria	Low back pain >3 mo for at least half of the days in last 6 mo50
	Moderate low back pain intensity (>3 on 0–10)
	Normalized isometric hip internal rotation strength <0.26a
	Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score >5 on pain-related items P4–P8a
Exclusion criteria	Previous hip fracture with repair
	Hip fracture within last 15 y without repair
	Total hip replacement
	Known spinal pathology other than spinal stenosis and/or osteoarthritis
	Severely impaired mobility (ie, requires use of a wheelchair)
	Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination Score <2451
	Severe visual or hearing impairment
	Red flags such as fever, significant unintentional weight loss >10 pounds, pain that awakens or keeps one awake at night, trauma that preceded the onset of pain, or signs and symptoms of cauda equina
	Significant pain in legs greater than the back
	Acute illness (eg, COVID-19)
	Inability to participate in the study for the full 6 mo (eg, moving residences)
	Receipt of manual or exercise therapy for low back or hip within the last 3 mo

^a Criteria defined from decision tree analysis.