Table 2.
Outcome Measuresa
| Test | Domain | Description | Scoring |
|---|---|---|---|
| QBPD35,b | Low back pain-related disability | Questionnaire: 20 items related to daily activities, which are grouped into 6 categories | Higher scores = greater disability |
| 10MWTb,36,37 | Gait speed | Participants walk along a linear pathway at their “usual pace” and “as quickly as possible” | Higher gait speeds = better outcomes |
| PHQ-952,53 | Depressive symptoms | Questionnaire: 9 items related to depressive symptoms | Scores ≥10/27 indicative of major depression |
| LOBACS54 | Self-efficacy | Questionnaire: 15 items scored according to participant’s level of confidence in performing activities | Higher scores = greater self-efficacy |
| PCS55,56 | Pain perception | Questionnaire: 13 items scored as 3 subscales to evaluate constructs of rumination, magnification, and helplessness | Higher scores = increased catastrophizing |
| Movement-evoked pain57 | Pain provocation with activity | Participants reported pain intensity before, during, and after 6MWT and 30 Second Chair Stand Tests | Smaller increases in pain = lower pain provocation with activity |
| Quantitative sensory testing58–60 | Pain pressure threshold | Algometer used to measure pressure pain sensitivity at 4 sites bilaterally: upper trapezius, posterior superior iliac supine, greater trochanter, and tibialis anterior | Higher values = higher pain pressure threshold |
| Hip strength61,62 | Strength | Hip strength (abduction, extension, internal and external rotation, flexion) taken with a hand-held dynamometer, normalized to body weight | Higher forces = greater strength |
| 6MWT63 | Functional mobility | Participants walk around a predetermined course trying to cover as much ground as possible in 6 min | Longer distances = better outcome |
| 30-Second Chair Stand Test64 | Functional mobility | Participants perform as many sit-to-stands as possible in 30 sec with arms folded across chest |
More sit-to-stands = better functional mobility |
| HOOS65 | Hip-related disability | Questionnaire: 40 items across 5 domains (pain, symptoms, activities of daily living, sport and recreation function, hip-related quality of life) | Higher scores = better hip outcomes |
| PROMIS-2966–68 | Health-related quality of life | Questionnaire: 29 items across 8 domains (physical function, anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleep disturbance, ability to participate in social roles and activities, pain interference, and pain intensity) | Higher scores = greater presence of each outcome |
a 6MWT = 6-Minute Walk Test; 10MWT = 10 Meter Walk Test; HOOS = Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score; LOBACS = Low Back Activity Confidence; PCS = Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9 item; PROMIS-29 = Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; QBPD = Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale.
b Primary outcome measure.