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. 2022 Feb 10;12:2284. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06031-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Characterization of the fabricated photodetector. (a) Schematics of the measurement set-up. (b) The measured I–V characteristics of the device (green circle: dark state, pink square: P_light = 22.5 μW/cm²). (c) The dynamic optoelectronic response of the fabricated photo-detector (upper panel), and the intensity of incident light (gray solid star: P_light = 22.5 μW/cm²). (d) The calculated sensitivity (S) of the device with respect to various P_light (inset: measured S changes by increasing and decreasing P_light). e) The calculated photo-responsivity (R) and photo-detectivity (D^*) of the device with respect to various P_light . f) The dynamic response of the photodetector for P_light = 22.5 μW/cm²; rise time (τ_r) and decay time (τ_d) were 0.329 s and 1.21 s, respectively.