Table 1.
General characteristics of selected variables.
| Variables | Non-CVD (n 210,846) | CVD (n 6752) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 46.61 (16.32) | 66.26 (9.97) | <0.001 |
| Monthly income, $, mean (SD) | 3191.78 (2480.18) | 2093.86 (2334.61) | <0.001 |
| ALT, IU/L, mean (SD) | 22.29 (19.6) | 23.15 (14.52) | <0.001 |
| AST, IU/L, mean (SD) | 22.55 (13.33) | 25.1 (16.04) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 23.71 (3.49) | 24.7 (3.17) | <0.001 |
| HBsAg, IU/L, mean (SD) | 139.06 (879.32) | 98.97 (745.63) | <0.001 |
| Height, m, mean (SD) | 163.66 (9.47) | 159.98 (9.42) | <0.001 |
| Red blood cell count, mil/uL, mean (SD) | 4.63 (0.48) | 4.48 (0.49) | <0.001 |
| Urine glucose, mean (SD) | 0.09 (0.51) | 0.26 (0.86) | <0.001 |
| White blood cell count, thous/uL, mean (SD) | 6.23 (1.75) | 6.44 (1.9) | <0.001 |
| Frequency of drinking | <0.001 | ||
| Not at all in the past year, n (%) | 51,591 (24.47%) | 3132 (46.39%) | |
| Less than 1 time a month, n (%) | 37,962 (18.0%) | 864 (12.8%) | |
| 1 time a month, n (%) | 21,690 (10.29%) | 492 (7.29%) | |
| 2-4 times a month, n (%) | 49,876 (23.66%) | 910 (13.48%) | |
| 2-3 times a week, n (%) | 33,599 (15.94%) | 729 (10.8%) | |
| More than 4 times a week, n (%) | 14,997 (7.11%) | 544 (8.06%) | |
| Drinking amount | <0.001 | ||
| No drinking, n (%) | 51,591 (24.47%) | 3132 (46.39%) | |
| 1-2 shots, n (%) | 52,223 (24.77%) | 1577 (23.36%) | |
| 3-4 shots, n (%) | 33,874 (16.07%) | 905 (13.4%) | |
| 5-6 shots, n (%) | 25,573 (12.13%) | 382 (5.66%) | |
| 7-9 shots, n (%) | 23,110 (10.96%) | 389 (5.76%) | |
| More than 10 shots, n (%) | 23,565 (11.18%) | 286 (4.24%) | |
| Weight change in the past year | <0.001 | ||
| Weight loss, n (%) | 29,120 (13.81%) | 1344 (19.91%) | |
| Weight maintenance, n (%) | 132,275 (62.74%) | 4492 (66.53%) | |
| Weight gain, n (%) | 48,389 (22.95%) | 815 (12.07%) | |
| Stress perception level | <0.001 | ||
| Little, n (%) | 31,573 (14.97%) | 1669 (24.72%) | |
| A little, n (%) | 120,381 (57.09%) | 3229 (47.82%) | |
| Much, n (%) | 47,836 (22.69%) | 1345 (19.92%) | |
| Very much, n (%) | 9987 (4.74%) | 419 (6.21%) | |
| Urine protein | <0.001 | ||
| −, n (%) | 176,293 (83.61%) | 5365 (79.46%) | |
| ±, n (%) | 16,255 (7.71%) | 573 (8.49%) | |
| +, n (%) | 2088 (0.99%) | 153 (2.27%) | |
| ++, n (%) | 740 (0.35%) | 85 (1.26%) | |
| +++, n (%) | 254 (0.12%) | 25 (0.37%) | |
| ++++, n (%) | 27 (0.01%) | 5 (0.07%) | |
| Anemia, n (%) | 15,942 (7.56%) | 891 (13.2%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 17,648 (8.37%) | 1963 (29.07%) | <0.001 |
| High cholesterol, n (%) | 28,365 (13.45%) | 2019 (29.9%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 55,894 (26.51%) | 4458 (66.02%) | <0.001 |
| Irregular pulse, n (%) | 2894 (1.37%) | 412 (6.1%) | <0.001 |
| Marriage status, n (%) | 1671,13 (79.26%) | 6606 (97.84%) | <0.001 |
| Sex (female), n (%) | 111,709 (52.98%) | 3030 (44.88%) | <0.001 |
| Successful high school graduate status, n (%) | 150,397 (71.33%) | 2028 (30.04%) | <0.001 |
Continuous variables were expressed as a mean value (standard deviation), while discrete (except binary) and binary variables were expressed as the number of participants, n (percentage, %). We calculated the P-values of continuous, discrete, and binary variables using t-test, Mann-Whitney, and chi-square techniques, respectively. A two-tailed P-value (<0.001) was considered statistically significant. In representing monthly income, 1172 KRW was converted to 1 USD.